. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2015 Sep;85(5):452–468. doi: 10.1037/ort0000087

Table 1.

Comparison of Children by Parent’s Conviction Status at Time of “Conviction”^Ŧ

Variables	No parent convicted	Parented convicted of a Substance-related conviction
Dependent Variables	Mean (std. dev.)	Mean (std. dev.)
Math (std. score)	0.057 (0.994)	−0.291^a (0.911)
Reading (std. score)	0.053 (0.992)	−0.272 ^a (0.942)
	(%)	(%)
Absent 18+ days	8.0	12.6^a
Covariates	(%)	(%)
Convicted parent
Father		66.9
Mother		24.7
Both		8.5
Type of substance-related conviction
Felony substance-related conviction		12.8
Mis. substance-related conviction		41.4
Mis. driving while under the influence		45.7
Child: male	50.8	50.2 ^b
Free or reduced lunch	36.5	65.2 ^a
Free or reduced lunch missing	9.2	2.5 ^a
Child’s race/ethnicity
White non-Hispanic	62.4	53.2 ^a
Black non-Hispanic	27.2	38.2 ^a
Other non-Hispanic	5.3	6.5 ^a
Hispanic	5.1	2.0 ^a
Mother < high school degree at child’s birth	19.5	36.1 ^a
No father on birth certificate	8.3	6.0 ^a
No 1st trimester prenatal care	17.0	24.3 ^a
Low or very low birth weight	7.2	9.5 ^a

^Ŧ

Time of conviction is the school-year (July 1-June 30) of the year the parent was convicted (or pseudo convicted). Children whose parents were not convicted of any crime were randomly assigned a pseudo conviction time.

Mis.=Misdemeanor

Grade binary variables omitted from table.

The number of students varied based on the dependent variable. For the children of parents with no-conviction sample there were 517,350 students in the analysis of math, 515,527 in the analysis of reading, and 798,691 in the analysis of truancy. Corresponding numbers for the substance-related conviction sample are 35,133, 34,950, and 49,695, respectively. For children of parents with no-conviction sample there were 800,636 students in the covariates analysis and 49,931 in the substance conviction sample.

=p<0.001

=p<0.01

= p<0.05