. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2015 Sep;85(5):452–468. doi: 10.1037/ort0000087

Table 2.

Effect of Parental Conviction on a Substance-Related Offense on Children’s School Performance

Parameters Model (1,2, or 3):	Math (M)			Reading (R)			Chronic Absenteeism (CA)
Parameters Model (1,2, or 3):	1M	2M	3M	1R	2R	3R	1CA	2CA	3CA
Parent convicted for substance related offense (reference=parent not convicted )	−0.429^a (0.009)	−0.165^a (0.008)	−0.133^a (0.009)	−0.392^a (0.009)	−0.138^a (0.008)	−0.109^a (0.009)	0.079^a (0.002)	0.039^a (0.002)	−0.040^a (0.002)
Convicted parent (reference=mother)
Parent convicted: Father	0.156^a (0.01)	−0.003 (0.009)	−0.004 (0.009)	0.144^a (0.01)	−0.006 (0.009)	−0.008 (0.009)	−0.051^a (0.002)	−0.023^a (0.002)	−0.023^a (0.002)
Both parents convicted	0.003 (0.015)	−0.069^a (0.014)	−0.068^a (0.014)	0.001 (0.015)	−0.064^a (0.014)	−0.063^a (0.014)	0.003 (0.003)	0.005 (0.003)	0.005 (0.003)
Child Characteristics
Child: male	−0.036^a (0.002)	−0.042^a (0.002)	−0.042^a (0.002)	−0.156^a (0.002)	−0.162^a (0.002)	−0.162^a (0.002)	0.008^a (0.0)	0.008^a (0.0)	0.008^a (0.0)
Free or reduced lunch status (FRL) (reference=did not receive FRL)
Free or reduced lunch		−0.120^a (0.001)	−0.120^a (0.001)		−0.133^a (0.001)	−0.133^a (0.001)		0.039^a (0.0)	0.039^a (0.0)
Free or reduced lunch missing		−0.100^a (0.004)	−0.100^a (0.004)		−0.114^a (0.004)	−0.114^a (0.004)		−0.001^c (0.001)	0.000 (0.001)
Child’s race/ethnicity (reference=White non-Hispanic)
Black non-Hispanic		−0.614^a (0.003)	−0.614^a (0.003)		−0.594^a (0.003)	−0.593^a (0.003)		−0.013^a (0.001)	−0.013^a (0.001)
Other non-Hispanic		−0.125^a (0.005)	−0.126^a (0.005)		−0.180^a (0.005)	−0.181^a (0.005)		−0.004^a (0.001)	−0.005^a (0.001)
Hispanic		−0.194^a (0.005)	−0.197^a (0.005)		−0.357^a (0.005)	−0.359^a (0.005)		−0.070^a (0.001)	−0.071^a (0.001)
Mother < high school degree at child’s birth		−0.412^a (0.003)	−0.411^a (0.003)		−0.419^a (0.003)	−0.418^a (0.003)		0.071^a (0.001)	0.071^a (0.001)
No father on birth certificate		−0.152^a (0.004)	−0.152^a (0.004)		−0.128^a (0.004)	−0.128^a (0.004)		0.027^a (0.001)	0.027^a (0.001)
No 1st trimester prenatal care		−0.119^a (0.003)	−0.118^a (0.003)		−0.122^a (0.003)	−0.121^a (0.003)		0.023^a (0.001)	0.023^a (0.001)
Low or very low birth weight		−0.152^a (0.004)	−0.152^a (0.004)		−0.091^a (0.004)	−0.091^a (0.004)		0.002 (0.001)	0.002 (0.001)
Time (reference=year before “conviction”¹)
Year of “conviction”			0.002^c (0.001)			0.001 (0.001)			0.004^a (0.0)
1 year post-“conviction”			0.009^a (0.001)			0.004^b (0.001)			0.006^a (0.0)
2 years post-“conviction”			0.010^a (0.002)			0.006^b (0.002)			0.006^a (0.0)
3 years post-“conviction”			0.012^a (0.002)			0.008^a (0.002)			0.005^a (0.001)
Interaction: Time and parental conviction (reference=year before “conviction”)
Convicted * year of “conviction”			−0.007^c (0.004)			−0.008^c (0.004)			−0.005^a (0.001)
Convicted*1 year post-“conviction”			−0.022^a (0.004)			−0.016^a (0.004)			−0.006^a (0.002)
Convicted*2 years post-“conviction”			−0.029^a (0.004)			−0.016^a (0.004)			−0.005^b (0.002)
Convicted*3 years post-“conviction”			−0.042^a (0.004)			−0.022^a (0.005)			−0.005^b (0.002)
Conviction type (reference=driving under the influence misdemeanor)
Felony Substance-related conviction			0.006 (0.012)			−0.01 (0.011)			−0.002 (0.003)
Misdemeanor Substance-related conviction			−0.037^a (0.008)			−0.039^a (0.008)			0.005^b (0.002)
Constant	0.091^a (0.002)	0.446^a (0.002)	0.448^a (0.002)	0.153^a (0.002)	0.518^a (0.002)	0.520^a (0.002)	0.033^a (0.001)	0.007^a (0.001)	0.006^a (0.001)

# of student-years		1,916,361			1,909,049			3,105,386

# of students		491,794			490,994			646,532

Standard errors in parentheses

Children of parents who were never convicted were assigned a “pseudo conviction date” that was randomly generated.

Grade binary variables are included in the model but not displayed. Models 1, 2, and 3 are multilevel models that account for clustering at the child level and the mother level.

p<0.001,

p<0.01,

p<0.05