Table 5.
Effect of Parental Participation in an Adult Drug Treatment Court Program on Children’s School Performance
| Parameters Model (1,2, or 3): | Math (M) | Reading (R) | Chronic Absenteeism (CA) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1M | 2M | 3M | 1R | 2R | 3R | 1CA | 2CA | 3CA | |
| DTC participation (reference=referred but did not enroll) | |||||||||
| Enrolled but did not complete | −0.040 (0.045) | −0.059 (0.041) | −0.061 (0.05) | 0.005 (0.047) | −0.015 (0.043) | −0.006 (0.053) | 0.005 (0.013) | 0.004 (0.013) | 0.025 (0.021) |
| Completed | 0.151b (0.053) | 0.099c (0.048) | 0.102 (0.06) | 0.101 (0.056) | 0.048 (0.051) | 0.128c (0.064) | 0.006 (0.015) | 0.013 (0.015) | 0.042 (0.024) |
| Referred parent (reference=mother) | |||||||||
| Parent referred to DTC was father | 0.142a (0.039) | 0.043 (0.039) | 0.043 (0.039) | 0.144a (0.041) | 0.039 (0.041) | 0.040 (0.041) | −0.028c (0.011) | −0.01 (0.012) | −0.01 (0.012) |
| Both parents in DTC | 0.398c (0.19) | 0.346c (0.175) | 0.346c (0.175) | 0.382 (0.197) | 0.318 (0.183) | 0.322 (0.183) | −0.027 (0.053) | −0.038 (0.052) | −0.037 (0.052) |
| Child Characteristics | |||||||||
| Child: male | −0.054 (0.034) | −0.072c (0.032) | −0.071c (0.032) | −0.163a (0.036) | −0.178a (0.034) | −0.178a (0.034) | 0.021c (0.01) | 0.022c (0.01) | 0.023c (0.01) |
| Free or reduced lunch status (FRL) (reference=did not receive FRL) | |||||||||
| Free or reduced lunch | −0.068b (0.024) | −0.067b (0.024) | −0.057c (0.025) | −0.054c (0.025) | 0.041a (0.01) | 0.041a (0.01) | |||
| Free or reduced lunch missing | −0.073 (0.053) | −0.069 (0.053) | −0.053 (0.057) | −0.054 (0.057) | 0.027 (0.018) | 0.025 (0.018) | |||
| Child’s race/ethnicity (reference=White non-Hispanic) | |||||||||
| Black non-Hispanic | −0.551a (0.038) | −0.551a (0.038) | −0.578a (0.04) | −0.579a (0.04) | −0.038b (0.012) | −0.039a (0.012) | |||
| Other non-Hispanic | −0.185c (0.08) | −0.182c (0.08) | −0.199c (0.084) | −0.196c (0.084) | −0.021 (0.025) | −0.021 (0.025) | |||
| Hispanic | −0.182 (0.186) | −0.181 (0.186) | −0.266 (0.194) | −0.264 (0.194) | −0.008 (0.06) | −0.007 (0.06) | |||
| Mother < high school at child’s birth | −0.237a (0.037) | −0.237a (0.037) | −0.238a (0.039) | −0.239a (0.039) | 0.062a (0.011) | 0.061a (0.011) | |||
| No father on birth certificate | −0.082 (0.054) | −0.081 (0.054) | −0.099 (0.057) | −0.098 (0.057) | 0.012 (0.016) | 0.012 (0.016) | |||
| No 1st trimester care | −0.042 (0.039) | −0.042 (0.039) | −0.057 (0.041) | −0.058 (0.041) | 0.026c (0.011) | 0.026c (0.011) | |||
| Low or very low birth weight | −0.162b (0.052) | −0.161b (0.052) | −0.130c (0.054) | −0.131c (0.054) | −0.030c (0.015) | −0.030c (0.015) | |||
| Time (reference=year before referral1) | |||||||||
| Year of referral | 0.037 (0.026) | 0.023 (0.027) | 0.02 (0.014) | ||||||
| 1 year post-referral | −0.003 (0.028) | 0.021 (0.03) | 0.004 (0.014) | ||||||
| 2 years post-referral | −0.002 (0.032) | 0.027 (0.034) | 0.011 (0.014) | ||||||
| 3 years post-referral | −0.006 (0.036) | −0.012 (0.038) | 0.001 (0.015) | ||||||
| Interaction: Time and parental DTC participation (reference=referred but did not enroll) | |||||||||
| Enrolled * year of referral | −0.032 (0.042) | −0.054 (0.045) | −0.030 (0.024) | ||||||
| Enrolled * 1 year after referral | 0.014 (0.043) | 0.017 (0.046) | −0.015 (0.023) | ||||||
| Enrolled * 2 years after referral | 0.018 (0.046) | −0.006 (0.049) | −0.025 (0.024) | ||||||
| Enrolled * 3 years after referral | 0.014 (0.049) | −0.000 (0.053) | −0.028 (0.025) | ||||||
| Completed * Year of referral | −0.026 (0.05) | −0.076 (0.053) | −0.061c (0.028) | ||||||
| Completed * 1 year post-referral | 0.021 (0.051) | −0.161b (0.055) | −0.008 (0.028) | ||||||
| Completed * 2 years post-referral | −0.031 (0.054) | −0.122c (0.058) | −0.03 (0.028) | ||||||
| Completed * 3 years post-referral | 0.017 (0.059) | −0.042 (0.063) | −0.044 (0.029) | ||||||
| Constant | −0.408a (0.041) | 0.134c (0.051) | 0.122c (0.053) | −0.312a (0.043) | 0.237a (0.054) | 0.220a (0.056) | 0.078a (0.014) | 0.028 (0.018) | 0.018 (0.02) |
|
| |||||||||
| # of student-years | 6,476 | 6,435 | 8,711 | ||||||
|
| |||||||||
| # of students | 1,714 | 1,705 | 2,115 | ||||||
Standard errors in parentheses
1
Children of parents who were never referred were assigned a “pseudo referral date” that was randomly generated.
Grade binary variables are included in the model but not displayed. Models 1, 2, and 3 are multilevel models that account for clustering at the child level and the mother level.
a
p<0.001
b
p<0.01
c
p<0.05