Table 1.

Participant inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Adults ages 21–65 years	Individuals ages <21 or >65 years
Chronic (>2 months) voice disorder	Uncontrolled laryngopharyngeal reflux
Stimulability for resonant voice at initial evaluation (i.e., improved vocal mechanics and quality in response to trial resonant voice therapy probes)	Stimulability for normal voice at initial evaluation with vegetative tasks but not with resonant voice tasks
	Neurogenic speech or voice disorder
Recommendation for at least four voice therapy sessions	Inability to see or manipulate a small object
Adducted hyperfunction with or without middle one third of vocal fold edema or benign striking zone or vocal process lesions thought secondary to hyperfunction	Active tobacco use
	Non-adducted hyperfunction (i.e., dysphonia or aphonia in absence of laryngeal pathology and abducted vocal glottal configuration on laryngeal exam)
	Undergoing any surgery requiring intubation during the course of voice therapy