Table 4.
Summary of radiographic studies.
| AUTHOR | Pelvic Incidence (°) | Sacral Slope (SS)/ Inclination (SI) (°) | Slip Angle (°) | Additional radiography (findings for radiographic studies) | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002_Curylo | Control: 48.2-53.2 Patient: 76 ± 10 | NA | NA | Sacral Kyphosis (°): 56 ± 15 62% of patients had posterior element dysplasia | Progression is linked to shear stress-related to increased verticality of lumbosacral joint, predetermined by PI and sacral anatomy |
| 2002_ Hanson | Ped Control/Adult Control/LG/HG: 47.4/57/68.5/79 | SI Ped Control/Adult Control/LG/ HG: 52/50/48/42 | Ped Control/ Adult Control/ LG/HG: -12/-15/ 9/26 | Lumbar Lordosis (LL) (°) Ped Control/Adult Control/LG/HG: 58/58/61/58 | Significant correlation between PI and Meyerding-Newman scores (p = 0.03); PI may be a good predictor of progression |
| 2003_Huang | HG: 79.6 ± 1.9 | SI HG: 34.2 ± 5.1 | HG: 20.3 ± 2.8 (p < 0.001) | Slip%: 79.9 ± 4.2% (p < 0.001) | No difference in PI or sacral inclination between HG and LG (p = 0.66, 0.33, respectively). Slip percentage and slip angle are predictive of progression. |
| LG: 72.9 ± 3.7 | SI LG: 46.5 ± 3.8 | LG: -8.5 ± 5.4 (p < 0.001) | Slip%: 29.5 ± 3.9% (p < 0.001) | ||
| 2005_Vialle | Analyzed S1 plate for bony hook/outgrowth, condensed and necrotic anterior edge, round convexity median section. Sagittal inclination, sacral angle, S1 hypoplasia, | S1 bony hook negatively correlates with lumbosacral kyphosis severity; Reducibility is better without hook/L5 bony outgrowth. | S1 index (cranial plate/caudal plate length) correlated with grade slip, lumbosacral kyphosis, and reducibility of kyphosis | ||
| 2007_Hresko | Asymptomatic: 50 ± 10.7 | SS Asymptomatic: 40 ± 8 | NA | Asymptomatic: Pelvic tilt (PT) 10 ± 7.6 | HG patients have higher PT, SS and PI, but higher PI controls also have high PT and SS. HG divided into the “unbalanced” high PT/low SS and the “balanced” low PT/high SS. Balanced is more similar to asymptomatic controls |
| 78.9 ± 12.1 | SS Balanced: 59.9 ± 11.2 | NA | Balanced: Pelvic tilt (PT) 21.3 ± 8.2 Slip%: 68 ± 46.9% (p = 0.13) | ||
| SS Unbalanced: 40.3 ± 9.0 | NA | Unbalanced: PT 36.5 ± 8.0 Slip%: 78 ± 23.7% (p = 0.13) | |||
| 2007_Vialle | Control: 54.7 ± 10.7* | SS Control: 41.9 ± 8.4* | NA | LL (°): -43.13 ± 11.2* PT (°): 13.2 ± 6.1* Lumbosacral angle (LSA) (°): 109.94 ± 7.2* |
PI is significantly higher in spondylolisthesis, but not clearly correlated with the grade of slipping; lumbosacral kyphosis evaluated by LSA possibly the most important factor. |
| Patient: 73.1 ± 11.3* | SS Patient: 46.6 ± 12.6* | NA | LL (°): -70.22 ± 17.3* PT (°): 26.5 ± 10.9* LSA (°): 82.3 ± 21.2* |
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| 2014_Wang | ODI 0-22: 74.6 ± 11.6 | ODI 0-22: 52.3 ± 9.4* | NA |
ODI 0-22:
Spondylolisthesis grade: 62.8 ± 10.4* LL (°): 56.5 ± 9.4* PT (°): 22.3 ± 6.3* TK (°): 41.2 ± 8.8 SFHD (°): 44.9 ± 10.3* SFVD (°): 109.5 ± 15.6* SC7D (°):23.2 ± 34.3* |
Spondylolisthesis grade, SS, PT, SC7D, LL, SFVD, SFHD, PT/SS, SFHD/SFVD, LL/TK are significantly associated with clinical symptoms of severe isthmic spondylolisthesis; SS (-0.981, strong) and SFVD (-0.802, strong) are most significant correlations with low back pain |
| ODI 23-45: 77.9 ± 12.7 | ODI 23-45: 44.5 ± 9.0* *p < 0.0001 |
ODI 23-45:
Spondylolisthesis grade: 74.5 ± 11.5* LL (°): 56.5 ± 9.4* PT (°): 33.4 ± 8.1* TK (°): 37.6 ± 7.4 SFHD (°):53.5 ± 10.8* SFVD (°): 81.1 ± 11.7* SC7D (°): 41.1 ± 37.4* |
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