Table 1.
List of electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on carbon nanomaterials and their composites for the detection of biological and pharmaceutical compounds.
| Carbon Based Nanomaterials | Analytes | Methods | Linear Range | Detection Limit | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SWNT-Nafion-GOx | Glucose | Amperometry | 2 mM to 20 mM | - | 29 |
| SWNT-GOx | Glucose | Amperometry | Up to 40 mM | - | 30 |
| Pt-Nafion-SWCNTs-GOx | Glucose | Amperometry | 0.5 µM to 5 mM | 0.5 µM | 31 |
| SWNT-mineral-oil paste | Lactate | Amperometry | Up to 7.0 mM | 0.3 mM | 32 |
| Nafion-SWNT | Dopamine | DPV | 0.02 µM to 6.0 µM | 5.00 nM | 33 |
| SWNT polymer composite | Dopamine | CV | 16 nM to 600 µM | 8 nM | 34 |
| SWCNTs | Dopamine | DPV | 3 µM to 200 µM | 48 nM | 35 |
| SWCNTs | Rutine | CV | 20 nM to 5 µM | 10 nM | 36 |
| SWCNTs | Human serum albumin | CV | 0.075 nM to 7.5 nM | 75 pM | 37 |
| SWCNTs | DNAs | DPV | 5 µM to 30 µM | 1.43 µM | 38 |
| MWCNTs-Nafion | Epinephrine | CV and DPV | 0.06 mM to 0.24 mM | 0.02 mM | 39 |
| MWNT nanocomposite | Epinephrine | LSV | 50 nM to 10 µM | 10 nM | 40 |
| MWCNTs | Cholesterol | Amperometry | Up to 6.0 mM | 0.2 mM | 41 |
| MWCNTs | Cholesterol | Amperometry | 100 mg/dL to 400 mg/dL | - | 42 |
| MWCNTs | Methimazole | Amperometry | 0.074 µM to 63.5 µM | 0.056 µM | 43 |
| MWCNTs-silver nanoparticles | Sumatriptan | CV | 80 nM to 100 µM | 40 nM | 44 |
| MWCNTs | Paracetamol | ASV | 0.01 µM to 20 µM | 10 nM | 45 |
| SWCNTs | Methylglyoxal | SWV | 0.1 µM to 100 µM | - | 18 |
| SWCNTs | Valacyclovir | DPV | 5 nM to 55 nM | 1.8 nM | 19 |
| SWCNTs | Acetaminophen | DPV | 5 nM to 80 µM | 4.3 nM | This work |
| CuO-graphene | Glucose | Amperometry | 1 µM to 8 mM | 1 µM | 46 |
| CuNPs/graphene | Glucose | Amperometry | 0.5 µM to 4.5 mM | 0.5 µM | 47 |
| Graphene-ppy | Glucose | Amperometry | - | 3 µM | 48 |
| Graphene-Pt | Ascorbic acid | DPV | 0.03 µM to 8.13 µM | 0.03 µM | 49 |
| Graphene | Norepinephrine | Amperometry | 0.04 µM to 100 µM | 0.84 nM | 50 |
| Reduced GO | NADH | Amperometry | 10 µM to 600 µM | 0.33 µM | 51 |
| Graphene-Au nanorod | NADH | Amperometry | 5 µM to 337 µM | 1.5 µM | 52 |
| Au-TiO2/graphene | NADH | Amperometry | 10 µM to 240 µM | 0.2 µM | 53 |
| Graphene-TiO2 | NADH | Amperometry | 10 nM to 2 mM | 3 × 10−9 M | 54 |
| AuNPs-rGO | NADH | Amperometry | 50 nM to 500 µM | 1.13 nM | 25 |
| Nitrogen doped Graphene | Uric acid | DPV | 0.1 µM to 20 µM | 0.045 µM | 55 |
| Graphene | Uric acid | Amperometry | 0.19 µM to 49.68 µM | 0.132 µM | 56 |
| Nafion-AgNPs-rGO | Uric acid | LSV | 10 µM to 800 µM | 8.2 µM | 57 |
| Pt-rGO | Uric acid | DPV | 10 µM to 130 µM | 0.45 µM | 59 |
| ERGO | Serotonin | DPV | 5 µM to 300 µM | 0.11 µM | 59 |
| ERG/Ni2O3-NiO | acetaminophen | DPV | 0.04 µM to 100 µM | 0.02 µM | 60 |
| Graphene-chitosan | Acetaminophen | DPV | 1 µM to 100 µM | 0.3 µM | 61 |
| Graphene | Acetaminophen | SWV | 0.1 µM to 20 µM | 0.032 µM | 62 |
| rGO | Acetaminophen | DPV | 5 nM to 800 µM | 2.13 nM | 26 |
| SWCNTs-GNS | Acetaminophen | DPV | 0.05 µM to 64.5 µM | 0.038 µM | 63 |
| MWCNT-graphene nanosheets | Acetaminophen | DPV | 0.8 µM to 110 µM | 0.1 µM | 64 |
| MWCNT/GO | Acetaminophen | DPV | 0.5 µM to 400 µM | 47 nM | 65 |
| SWCNTs-rGO | Acetaminophen | DPV | 5 nM to 80 µM | 1.4 nM | This work |
| MWCNT/GO | Dopamine | DPV | 0.2 µM to 400 µM | 22 nM | 65 |
| MWCNT/GONR | Dopamine | DPV | 0.15 µM to 12.15 µM | 0.08 µM | 66 |
| Buckypaper-SWCNTs | Glucose | Amperometry | 0 mM to 10 mM | 0.022 mM | 70 |
| Buckypaper-GOx-HRP | Glucose | Amperometry | Up to 9 mM | 0.01 mM | 28 |