Table 1.
Summary of biomarker studies for patients with pSS
| Biomarker | Source | Method | No. of pSS patients (controls) | Average ratio (pSS/control) | P value | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Profilin | Saliva | Western blot | 10 (healthy 10) | 3.19/1 | <0.05 | NA | NA | [14] |
| Anhydrase I | 1/1.5 | <0.05 | NA | Also found in SLE | ||||
| IL-4 | Saliva | MAPs | 48 (RA 12, healthy12) | NA | <0.001§ | 93.8‡ | 95.8‡ | [17] |
| IL-5 | <0.001§ | |||||||
| Clusterin | <0.001§ | |||||||
| Cathepsin S | Tear | BioVision Kit | 28 (healthy 33) | 37.8/1 | <0.0001 | 95.4# | NA | [22] |
| 28 (eSS 45) | ∼ 1/1 | 0.84 | NA | NA | ||||
| MxA | Whole blood | EIA | 21 (healthy 27) | 202.4/1 | <0.001 | NA | NA | [23] |
| Flt-3L | Serum | ELISA | 18/369/50※ | 2.34/1.54/1 | <0.0001 | 44.4† | 97.5† | [30] |
| CXCL13 | Serum | ELISA | 27 (healthy 21) | 6.04/1 | <0.0001 | 56 | NA | [31] |
| Saliva | ELISA | 29 (healthy 20) | 13.78/1 | <0.01 | 57 | NA |
Note: pSS, primary Sjögren’s syndrome; NA, not applicable; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; IL, Interleukin; MAPs, multiplexing antibody-based sandwich-immunoassays; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; §, calculated by Student’s t-test; ‡, calculated by the discriminant function analysis; eSS, secondary Sjögren’s syndrome; #, both pSS and eSS; MxA, myxovirus-resistance protein A; EIA, enzyme immunoassay; Flt-3L, Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ※, 18 pSS patients with lymphoma, 369 pSS patients without lymphoma and 50 healthy controls; †, the association of lymphoma in patients with pSS was calculated by the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis.