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. 2015 Oct 20;5:15147. doi: 10.1038/srep15147

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Copyright © 2015, Macmillan Publishers Limited

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Optimization of codon usage for simultaneous maximization of acetate and biomass production (a), and succinate and biomass production (b) starting from a wild-type E. coli. The Pareto front is obtained by applying our optimization routine to the variables representing the codon usage. We let METRADE run for 50 generations, which a preliminary analysis proved sufficient to obtain a Pareto front spanning the objective space. We denote solutions by progressively lighter colors depending on the generation in which they have been found. The red circle corresponds to the fixed array of gene expression levels associated with the wild-type E. coli strain.