Table S1.

Nanomaterial and physiological parameters used in the model

	Parameter	Description	Unit	Value	Range simulated
NP and reporter clearance rates	N	NP dose	M	2.5 × 10−6	1.3–2 × 10−5
	$k_{MPS}^{NP}$	rate of NP clearance by MPS	min–1	6 × 10−4	—
	$k_{MPS}^{reporter}$	rate of reporter clearance by MPS	min–1	6.4 × 10−3	—
	$k_{urine}^{NP}$	rate at which NP filters into urine	min–1	1.7 x 10−5	—
	$k_{urine}^{reporter}$	rate at which reporters filter into urine	min–1	3.2 × 10−2	—
	$t_{1/2}^{NP}$	plasma half-life of NP scaffold*	hr	18.7	18–300 h
	$t_{1/2}^{reporter}$	plasma half-life of reporter*	min	18.1	—
	$k_{absorb}$	rate of NP and reporter reabsorption	min–1	2.9	—
Tumor permeability	$k_{tumor}^{NP}$	rate of NP diffusion across tumor vessels	min–1	1.4 × 10−4	1.4 × 10−4–1.4
	$k_{tumor}^{reporter}$	rate of reporter diffusion across tumor vessels	min–1	8.9 × 10−2	—
Tumor-specific protease activity	$k_{cat}^{tumor}$	catalytic efficiency of MMP-9 for Q1†	min–1	0.5	1.3 × 10−1–2.0
	$K_M^{tumor}$	Michaelis−Menten constant of MMP-9 for Q1	M	2.1 × 10−6	—
	$E_{tumor}$	concentration of proteases in tumor	M	7.2 × 10−7	1.8 × 10−7–2.9 × 10−6
	$E_{tumor}^{blood}$	concentration of shed proteases in blood	M	7.2 × 10−8	1.8 × 10−8–2.9 × 10−7
Nonspecific protease activity	$k_{cat}^{blood}$	catalytic efficiency for Q1	min–1	6.0 × 10−2	3.8 × 10−3–6.0 × 10−2
	$K_M^{blood}$	Michaelis−Menten constant for Q1	M	1.0 × 10−5	—
	$E_{n.s.}^{blood}$	concentration in blood	M	4.0 × 10−6	2.7 × 10−7–4.0 × 10−6
CEA	R	CEA secretion rate	ng per cells per day	—	1.5 × 10−9–2.6 × 10−5
	$t_{1/2}^{CEA}$	plasma half-life of CEA	h	72	—

^*$t_{1/2}=[1/(k_{MPS}+k_{urine})]\text{ln}\left(2\right)$.

^†Q1 = PLGVRG.