Table 1.
Alteration in MCI and ad concerning phonetics, phonology, lexicon, semantics, and pragmatics.
| Examination methods | Examination results | Sensitivity measures | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phonetics and phonology | |||
| Temporal analysis of spontaneous speech | Mild AD and CTRL differ in speech tempo and hesitation ratio | No data | Hoffmann et al. (2010) |
| Temporal analysis of speech, oral reading task | Distinguishes moderate AD and CTRL. Best two parameters: speech tempo and articulation tempo | 80% | Martínez-Sánchez et al. (2013) |
| Spoken task; speech-based detection | Might be a good method for detecting early AD | CTRL and MCI: 80% | Satt et al. (2014) |
| MCI and AD: 87% | |||
| Automatic spontaneous speech analysis | Distinguishes between AD and CTRL | No data | López-de-Ipiña et al. (2013) |
| Lexicon, semantics and pragmatics | |||
| Semantic association test | AD performs significantly worse than CTRL | No data | Visch-Brink et al. (2004) |
| Semantic verbal fluency and phonological verbal fluency | Good tool for diagnosis of early AD | No data | Laws et al. (2010) |
| Picture naming, semantic probes, lexical decision and priming, Stroop-picture naming | AD group was impaired in semantic tasks | No data | Duong et al. (2006) |
| Verbal task | AD group produces shorter texts, less relevant information and multiple error types than CTRL | No data | Taler and Phillips (2008) |
AD, Alzheimer’s disease; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; CTRL, healthy controls.