Table 2.
Correlates of elevated levels (>96% vs ≤96%) of fructosamine, glycated albumin, or hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) among persons without diagnosed diabetes, Adjusted* OR (95% CI)
| Fructosamine (> 266 umol/L) |
Glycated Albumin (> 15.46%) |
HbA1c (≥ 6.5%) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||
| N with high levels | 515 | 514 | 350 | |
| Age, per SD | 1.31 (1.19, 1.43) | 1.38 (1.26, 1.51) | 1.22 (1.10, 1.36) | |
| Female (vs male) | 1.02 (0.84, 1.22) | 1.16 (0.96, 1.40) | 1.12 (0.89, 1.40) | |
| Black (vs white) | 3.98 (3.32, 4.77) | 4.57 (3.81, 5.49) | 4.62 (3.71, 5.74) | |
| Alcohol | ||||
| Current | 0.77 (0.62, 0.97) | 0.69 (0.55, 0.86) | 0.64 (0.49, 0.84) | |
| Former | 1.02 (0.80, 1.31) | 0.93 (0.73, 1.20) | 0.97 (0.72, 1.29) | |
| Never | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Current | 0.62 (0.48, 0.81) | 0.72 (0.56, 0.92) | 0.91 (0.68, 1.22) | |
| Former | 0.97 (0.79, 1.19) | 0.93 (0.75, 1.15) | 1.06 (0.82, 1.37) | |
| Never | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |
| Total Cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dL |
1.58 (1.30, 1.92) | 1.10 (0.91, 1.33) | 1.48 (1.17, 1.86) | |
| Low HDL-cholesterol | 1.20 (0.99, 1.44) | 1.14 (0.94, 1.37) | 3.00 (2.40, 3.76) | |
| Triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL |
1.62 (1.32, 1.97) | 1.47 (1.20, 1.80) | 3.51 (2.80, 4.41) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 |
||||
| <25 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |
| 25–29 | 0.87 (0.70, 1.09) | 0.82 (0.65, 1.03) | 3.56 (2.23, 5.66) | |
| >30 | 1.08 (0.86, 1.36) | 1.16 (0.92, 1.46) | 10.60 (6.79, 16.55) | |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L |
||||
| <1 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |
| 1–3 | 0.84 (0.66, 1.08) | 0.83 (0.64, 1.07) | 3.39 (2.04, 5.62) | |
| >3 | 1.03 (0.81, 1.31) | 1.21 (0.95, 1.54) | 7.55 (4.64, 12.28) | |
| Anemia | 1.01 (0.77, 1.32) | 1.88 (1.49, 2.37) | 0.83 (0.59, 1.15) | |
| Hypertension | 1.84 (1.53, 2.22) | 1.26 (1.04, 1.52) | 2.29 (1.82, 2.87) | |
| Family hist diab | 1.45 (1.19, 1.77) | 1.41 (1.16, 1.73) | 1.89 (1.51, 2.38) | |
| eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 |
3.18 (1.92, 5.28) | 1.80 (0.99, 3.28) | 1.69 (0.80, 3.55) | |
| High AST | 2.58 (2.01, 3.31) | 1.71 (1.29, 2.26) | 1.63 (1.17, 2.28) | |
| High ALT | 2.22 (1.75, 2.82) | 1.65 (1.27, 2.14) | 2.71 (2.07, 3.54) | |
| High GGT | 2.40 (1.86, 3.08) | 1.75 (1.33, 2.30) | 2.37 (1.77, 3.18) | |
*
Adjusted for age, race-center, and sex. Bold values indicate p-value <0.05.
Low HDL: HDL-cholesterol <40 mg/dL for men, <50 mg/dL for women
Anemia: hemoglobin <13 g/dL for men, <12 g/dL for women
High AST, ALT, and GGT are based on sex-specific 95th percentiles:
High AST: ≥32 U/L for men, ≥28 U/L for women
High ALT: ≥29 U/L for men, ≥23 U/L for women
High GGT: ≥70 U/L for men, ≥52 U/L for women