Table 2.
Urine metabolite multivariate models predicting preeclampsia and/or gestational hypertension a.
| Hypertensive Pregnancy Outcome | Accuracy (%) | Specificity (%) | Sensitivity (%) | Sensitivity at 10% FPR (%) | p-Value b | Indicated Metabolites c |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preeclampsia (n = 26) vs. no preeclampsia (n = 561) | ||||||
| Full urine spectra | 61.4 | 65.3 | 57.5 | 11.3 | <0.01 | ↑ Crn, Gly, α-HIB, Hist, DMA ↓ Hipp, Lac/Thr, ProlB |
| VIP ≥ 1 variables | 68.2 | 60.1 | 76.3 | 23.8 | <0.01 | ↑ Crn, Gly, α-HIB, Hist, DMA ↓ Hipp, Lac/Thr |
| CARS variables | 70.8 | 74.2 | 67.5 | 51.3 | <0.01 | ↑ Gly, 4-DEA, DMA ↓ Hipp, Lac, Cre, ProlB |
| Gestational hypertension (n = 20) d vs. no gestational hypertension (n = 567) | ||||||
| Full urine spectra | 59.1 | 68.2 | 50.0 | 11.7 | <0.01 | ↑ Crn, α-HIB, DMA ↓ Hipp, Lac/Thr, ProlB, Citrate |
| VIP ≥ 1 variables | 63.7 | 65.7 | 61.7 | 16.7 | 0.01 | ↑ Crn, α-HIB, DMA ↓ Hipp, Lac/Thr, ProlB, Citrate |
| CARS variables | 63.8 | 89.3 | 38.3 | 40.0 | 0.04 | ↑ DMA ↓ PAG, Ala |
| Preeclampsia or gestational hypertension (n = 46) vs. normotensive (n = 541) | ||||||
| Full urine spectra | 61.5 | 56.1 | 66.8 | 14.4 | <0.01 | ↑ Crn, α-HIB, DMA, ↓ Hipp, Lac/Thr, ProlB ↑ Crn, α-HIB, DMA ↓ Hipp, Lac/Thr, ProlB |
| VIP ≥ 1 variables | 64.0 | 56.2 | 71.9 | 20.0 | <0.01 | |
| CARS variables | 66.4 | 75.9 | 56.9 | 36.9 | <0.01 | ↑ α-HIB, DMA ↓ Hipp, PAG, Lys, Ala |
Abbreviations: 4-DEA, 4-deoxythreonic acid; α-HIB, α-hydroxyisobutyrate; Ala, alanine; Cre, creatine; Crn, creatinine; CARS, competitive adapted reweighted sampling; DMA, dimethylamine; FPR, false positive rate; Gly, glycine; Hipp, hippurate; Hist, histidine; Lac, lactate; Leu, leucine; PAG, phenylacetylglutamine; ProlB, proline betaine; Thr, threonine; VIP, variable importance in projection. a VIP or CARS variable selection was performed, and results were evaluated using accuracy, specificity and sensitivity from double cross validation; b Model validity was estimated by 100 permutation tests; c The metabolites are listed as increased (↑) or decreased (↓) in the hypertensive disease pregnancies compared to the pregnancies without the disease; d One urine sample was missing from the gestational hypertension cases.