Table 2.
Bioactive properties of anthocyanins on Caco-2 cells.
| Bioactivity | Sources | Assays/Markers | Anthocyanins | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antiproliferative | Arctic bramble, Black currant, Blueberry, Bilberry, Chokeberry juice, Cloudberry, Lingonberry, Peach, Plum, Potato, Purple rice, Red chicory, Standards, Strawberry, Strawberry guava | MTT, Trypan blue, Thymidine incorporation, CCK-8, LDH, SRB | Cy, Cy-3-Ara, Cy-3-Gal, Cy-3-Glu, Cy-3-Rut, Dp, Dp-3-Gal, Dp-3-Glu, Dp-3-Rut, Mv-3-Ara, Mv-3-Gal, Mv-3-Glu, Pg, Pn-3-Gal, Pn-3-Glu, Pt-3-Gal, Pt-3-Glu | [68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79] |
| Antioxidant | Bee pollen, Bilberry, Blackberry, Red chicory, Red orange, Wine | ROS, TBARS | Cy-3-Ara, Cy-3-Gal, Cy-3-Glu, Dp-3-Ara, Dp-3-Gal, Dp-3-Glu, Dp-3-Rut, Mv-3-Ace-Glu, Mv-3-Ara, Mv-3-Caf-Glu, Mv-3-Cou-Glu, Mv-3-Gal, Mv-3-Glu, Mv-3-Rut, Pn-3-Ara, Pn-3-Cou-Glu, Pn-3-Gal, Pn-3-Glu, Pt-3-Ara, Pt-3-Cou-Glu, Pt-3-Gal, Pt-3-Glu, Pt-3-Rut | [79,80,81,82,83,84,85] |
| Anti-inflammatory | Blackberry, Blueberry, Black raspberry, Grape, Raspberry | NF-κB, NO, IL-8, E-selectin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 | Cy-3-Ara, Cy-3-Gal, Cy-3-Glu, Cy-3-Rut, Dp-3-Ara, Dp-3-Gal, Dp-3-Glu, Mv-3-Ara, Mv-3-Gal, Mv-3-Glu, Pn-3-Gal, Pn-3-Glu, Pt-3-Ara, Pt-3-Gal, Pt-3-Glu | [48,86,87] |
CCK-8: cell counting kit 8; Cy: cyanidin; Cy-3-Ara: cyanidin-3-arabinoside; Cy-3-Gal: cyanidin-3-galactoside; Cy-3-Glu: cyanidin-3-glucoside; Cy-3-Rut: cyanidin-3-rutinoside; Dp: delphinidin; Dp-3-Gal: delphinidin-3-galactoside; Dp-3-Ara: delphinidin-3-arabinoside; Dp-3-Glu: delphinidin-3-glucoside; Dp-3-Rut: delphinidin-3-rutinoside; ICAM-1: intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1; IL-8: interleukin 8; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolil-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazoliumbromide; Mv-3-Ace-Glu: malvidin-3-acetylglucoside; Mv-3-Ara: malvidin-3-arabinoside; Mv-3-Caf-Glu: malvidin-3-trans-caffeoyglucoside; Mv-3-Cou-Glu: malvidin-3-trans-p-coumarylglucoside; Mv-3-Gal: malvidin-3-galactoside; Mv-3-Glu: malvidin-3-glucoside; Mv-3-Rut: malvidin-3-rutinoside; NF-κB: nuclear factor κB; NO: nitric oxide; Pg: pelargonidin; Pn-3-Ara: peonidin-3-arabinoside; Pn-3-Cou-Glu: peonidin-3-trans-p-coumarylglucoside; Pt-3-Cou-Glu: petunidin-3-p-coumarylglucoside; Pn-3-Gal: peonidin-3-galactoside; Pn-3-Glu: peonidin-3-glucoside; Pt-3-Ara: petunidin-3-arabinoside; Pt-3-Gal: petunidin-3-galactoside; Pt-3-Glu: petunidin-3-glucoside; Pt-3-Rut: petunidin-3-rutinoside; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SRB: sulphorhodamine B; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.