Table 1.
HMGB1 and its roles in HCC.
| Location of HMGB1 | Function | Receptor | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| recombinant | induce proliferation | NA | [47] |
| NA | promote progression | NA | [48] |
| NA | promote metastasis | NA | [49] |
| NA | induce proliferation and metastasis, block apoptosis | RAGE | [50] |
| NA | induce proliferation | RAGE | [51] |
| NA | induce proliferation and invasion | RAGE | [52] |
| cytosol | induce proliferation | TLR-9 | [53] |
| NA | induce angiogenesis | RAGE | [56] |
| cytosol | induce autophagic cell death | NA | [57] |
| NA | induce proliferation and reduce apoptosis | RAGE | [32] |
| NA | induce apoptosis | NA | [60] |
| perinuclear | induce differentiation | NA | [63] |
| nucleus | block differentiation | NA | [63] |
| NA | induce differentiation | RAGE | [64] |
| NA | induce metastasis | NA | [66] |
| NA | induce metastasis | NA | [67] |
| NA | induce metastasis | RAGE | [68] |
| NA | induce metastasis | RAGE | [69] |
| NA | induce metastasis | TLR-4 and RAGE | [36] |
| NA | induce metastasis | NA | [67] |
| NA | induce inflammation | NA | [71] |
| NA | induce inflammation | TREM-1 | [45] |
| NA | induce inflammation | RAGE | [72] |
| NA | induce inflammation | TREM-1 and RAGE | [73] |
| NA | induce immunity | RAGE | [33] |
| NA | induce proliferation and metastasis | NA | [82] |
| serum | induce carcinogenesis | NA | [83] |
| NA | induce carcinogenesis | NA | [84] |
| NA | induce proliferation and metastasis | NA | [85] |
| serum | induce metastasis | TLR-4 | [86] |
| recombinant | induce proliferation and metastasis, reduce apoptosis | TLR-2 | [87] |