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. 2015 Sep 22;16(9):22830–22855. doi: 10.3390/ijms160922830

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Glutamine deprivation induces cell death or growth arrest. Glutamine deprivation makes cells sensitive to Fas (CD95) ligand, TNF-α and heat shock-mediated apoptosis. Glutamine deprivation induces apoptosis through extrinsic or intrinsic pathway, which is dependent on cell type and cell condition. Cyt c, cytochrome c; C-PARP, cleaved-PARP; t-Bid, truncated Bid; ΔΨ, mitochondrial membrane potential; GADD, growth arrest and DNA damage-induced genes; ROS, reactive oxygen species; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; HSP70, heat shock protein 70. ┴, inhibiting effect; bold arrow, decreased p62 and ΔΨ after glutamine deprivation.