Figure 7.

Naïve and memory CD4⁺ T-cell subsets modulation by combination therapy. T-cell subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry in treated mice (n = 11–13 per treatment group) or unmanipulated nondiabetic NOD mice (n = 9) at the study end point. A: At 120 days, mice in all new-onset therapy groups, regardless of ability to reverse, had higher CD4⁺ naïve cell frequency than controls. B: In mice with established disease, only remitted AGDP animals corresponded to higher naïve T cells compared with nondiabetic controls, whereas naïve T-cell levels were higher in failed vs. reversed animals treated with DPP-4i+PPI. CD4⁺ memory T cells were not different between control and treated animals with new-onset (C) or established (D) T1D. However, successfully treated mice did show differences, as indicated, vs. mice that failed to remit. Data are presented as scatter with mean ± SD. Remitted vs. control mice analyzed by one-way ANOVA; remitted mice vs. failures by Student t test. *P < 0.05.