Figure 3.

(a) Utricularia inflata in untriggered, set configuration (adapted from [52]). Note that the trap, approximately 3 mm wide, has concave curvature of its walls owing to the negative internal pressure in set configuration. (b) Experimentally determined time course behaviour of trap thickness during trap closure following mechanical stimulation of one of the trigger hairs. (c–e) Time course behaviour of door opening of Utricularia australis trap at 0, 7.6 and 8.6 ms following mechanical stimulation of trigger hairs, respectively. (f–h) Computational reconstruction of the trap door in set configuration (f), at the initial stages of buckling (g), and in the process of curvature inversion (h) door in set condition, at the onset of buckling, and while swinging open, respectively. (b–h) Adapted from [42]. ‘p’ and ‘f’ denote the panel and the frame of the door, respectively; ‘thr’ denotes the threshold (following the conventions in [19]). (Online version in colour.)