Figure 6.

Influence of location of protected areas on impact. Blue bars indicate counterfactuals for loss of biodiversity, setting the upper bounds of impact. Actual impact is the difference between actual loss of biodiversity (orange bars) and the upper bounds. (a) Location of protection in area with little threat to biodiversity, counterfactual loss low, impact small. (b) Location of protection in area with high threat, counterfactual loss high, impact large. In these examples, actual losses (orange) can be seen as the losses that protection failed to avoid, e.g. owing to insufficient management resources to eliminate threats from outside.