Figure 3. Sum of (A) hip extensor, (B) hip flexor, (C) hip abduction, (D) adduction, (E) lateral femoral rotation and (F) medial femoral rotation muscle moment arms normalized by segment length for Poposaurus, Alligator and ornithodiran bipeds.

All data normalized by femoral length. Only flexion-extension data are available for Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptor from previous studies (Hutchinson et al., 2005; Hutchinson et al., 2008).