Table A1.
Output of statistical models
| Model no. | Response variable | Random effects | Fixed effects | LRT | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mass and body condition | |||||
| 1 | Body mass | Natal nest | Sexf | 11.62 | 0.001 |
| Treatmentf | 1.77 | 0.183 | |||
| Sex*Treatment | 0.16 | 0.685 | |||
| 2 | Body condition index | Natal nest | Sexf | 5.32 | 0.021 |
| Treatmentf | 6.83 | 0.009 | |||
| Sex*Treatment | 0.02 | 0.893 | |||
| Food consumption | |||||
| 3 | Total food consumption | Natal nest/Bird | Sexf | 8.73 | 0.003 |
| Treatmentf | 2.98 | 0.085 | |||
| Sex*Treatment | 0.00 | 0.9500 | |||
| 4 | Trial consumption | Natal nest/Bird | Sexf | 7.18 | 0.007 |
| Treatmentf | 6.27 | 0.012 | |||
| Sex*Treatment | 0.01 | 0.927 | |||
| 5 | log(CFL consumption) | Natal nest/Bird | Sexf | 7.11 | 0.008 |
| Treatmentf | 3.79 | 0.052 | |||
| Sex*Treatment | 0.39 | 0.531 | |||
| Free food consumptionc | 61.07 | <0.001 | |||
| Free food consumption*Treatment | 2.12 | 0.147 | |||
| 6 | Free food consumption | Natal nest/Bird | Sexf | 6.66 | 0.010 |
| Treatmentf | 5.79 | 0.016 | |||
| Sex*Treatment | 0.00 | 0.948 | |||
| CFL consumptionc | 62.18 | <0.001 | |||
| CFL consumption*Treatment | 3.10 | 0.078 | |||
| CFL effort | |||||
| 7 | CFL duration | Natal nest/Bird | Sexf | 0.31 | 0.577 |
| Treatmentf | 3.45 | 0.063 | |||
| Sex*Treatment | 0.43 | 0.510 | |||
| Free feeding durationc | 26.97 | <0.001 | |||
| Free feeding duration*Treatment | 6.16 | 0.013 | |||
| Foraging efficiency | |||||
| 8 | √Foraging rate | Natal nest/Bird | Sexf | 4.60 | 0.032 |
| Treatmentf | 0.04 | 0.838 | |||
| Sex*Treatment | 0.00 | 0.998 | |||
| Bowlf | 46.33 | <0.001 | |||
| Bowl*Treatment | 5.16 | 0.023 | |||
| Trade-off between CFL and foraging success | |||||
| 9 | Trial consumption | Natal nest/Bird | Sex | 7.06 | 0.008 |
| Treatment | 5.47 | 0.019 | |||
| Sex*Treatment | 0.00 | 0.962 | |||
| CFL durationc | 1.42 | 0.234 | |||
| CFL duration*Treatment | 6.00 | 0.014 | |||
| 10 | Nontrial food consumption | Natal nest/Bird | Sex | 8.64 | 0.003 |
| Treatment | 1.29 | 0.256 | |||
| Sex*Treatment | 0.01 | 0.915 | |||
| CFL durationc | 1.53 | 0.216 | |||
| CFL duration*Treatment | 0.94 | 0.332 | |||
This table provides the output from the statistical models described in the Results. All models are general linear mixed with Gaussian error structure, run using package ‘nlme’ in R. LRT is the likelihood ratio test statistic comparing models with and without the fixed effect of interest (see Statistical Analysis); P is the P value for this likelihood ratio test. All fixed and random effects included in the model are shown. All models included a random nest-of-origin effect (Natal nest); where the data contained multiple measurements from individual birds a random effect of individual (Bird) nested in Natal nest was also included. Body mass is the mean of cage entry body mass and experiment end body mass. Body condition is the residual mass corrected for tarsus length (see Statistical Analysis for details). Total food consumption is the daily summed mass of food (g) consumed outside the experimental trial (nontrial consumption) and during the trial (trial consumption) from both free food and CFL bowls. CFL consumption and free food consumption is the mass of food (g) consumed from the CFL bowl or free food bowl, respectively during a daily trial. Trial consumption is the sum of CFL consumption and free food consumption. CFL duration and free feeding duration are the daily times (s) spent in, perched on or with head over the CFL or free food bowl, respectively. Foraging rate is the food consumption per unit duration (g/s) i.e. CFL consumption/CFL duration or free food consumption/free feeding duration. The fixed factor treatment refers to whether a bird experienced the ADV or DIS developmental manipulation of early life competition as a nestling. The fixed factor Bowl (Model 7) refers to foraging carried out in the free food or CFL bowl. fDenotes a fixed factor; cdenotes a covariate.