Figure 4.

Insecticide resistance bioassay results. KD ₅₀ is the estimated time (minutes) when 50% of the mosquitoes in a given insecticide (permethrin) coated bottle were nonresponsive (knocked down) after holding the bottle horizontally and rotating the bottle 360 degrees. These mixed gender assays were first‐generation offspring from field‐collected females. Shown are mean KD ₅₀ (black) and KD ₉₀ (light grey) for specific genotypes with standard error. The CYP9K1 haplotype (cyp‐l, ll or lll) and kdr status are noted below each bar. Note the small sample size of cyp‐ll:wt (dashed bar; one replicate of N = 7).