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Five major DNA repair mechanisms have been identified in eukaryotic cells, including BER (A), NER (B), MMR (C), HR (D) and NHEJ (E). These pathways are comprised of multi-subunit complexes, which deal with different types of DNA lesions. On the other hand, oncogenic Akt regulates these pathways in part by phosphorylating DNA repair factors, such as phosphorylating hPMS2, BRCA1 and XLF to impair MMR, HR and NHEJ, respectively.
