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Changes in immune and host-bacterial interaction markers. (A) Changes in innate immune-related markers: luminal levels of secretory IgA (S-IgA) and gene expression levels of antimicrobial peptides. (B) Changes in expression levels of pro- (IL-12p40, IL-6 and TNFα) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). (C) Changes in the expression levels of TLRs. Data are mean ± SEM, n = 7–8 group, *: P < 0 .05 vs. vehicle.
