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Morris water maze. (a) Escape latency (s). (b) The time spent in the target quadrant (s). Sham, sham-operated group; VaD, VaD model group; Cb H, C. butyricum- (1 × 108 CFU-) treated group; Cb M, C. butyricum- (1 × 107 CFU-) treated group; and Cb L, C. butyricum- (1 × 106 CFU-) treated group. Error bars indicate SEM; ∗ P < 0.05 and ∗∗ P < 0.01 versus sham group; # P < 0.05 and ## P < 0.01 versus VaD group.
