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Absolute concentration of butyrate (μmol g−1 wet weight). Sham, sham-operated group; VaD, VaD model group; Cb H, C. butyricum- (1 × 108 CFU-) treated group; Cb M, C. butyricum- (1 × 107 CFU-) treated group; and Cb L, C. butyricum- (1 × 106 CFU-) treated group. Error bars indicate SD; n = 8 for each group. ∗ P < 0.05 versus sham group, ∗∗ P < 0.01 versus sham group, and # P < 0.05 and ## P < 0.01 versus VaD group.
