Table 1.

Model parameters and variables. Estimates of steady-state values are provided where available. We assume little prior knowledge on all but a few of the more established parameters. Nonetheless, our modeling and analysis place constraints on combinations of parameters, allowing us to fit data and provide estimates for steady-state values of U+C∼10³– 10⁴ and α(N _p+K)/(p K)∼0.002–0.1

Symbol	Parameter or variable	Estimate	Ref.
α	Single HSC asymmetric differentiation rate	∼0.1–0.3 per month	[46, 51]
p	Free progenitor-cell proliferation rate
μ p	Progenitor-cell death rate
μ d	Differentiated cell death rate	∼0.01–0.3 per day	[52, 53]
η	Symmetric differentiation probability
ω	Terminal differentiation rate
K	Progenitor-cell capacity	∼109
U	Number of active unmarked HSCs
C	Number of active viral-marked HSCs
C p	Number of progenitor clones		Additional file 1: Eq. A23
C d	Number of differentiated clones		Additional file 1: Eq. A23
C s	Number of sampled clones		Additional file 1: Eq. A24
S	Number of sequences read	∼103– 104	[14]
c k	Number of progenitor clones of size k
u	Unlabeled progenitor-cell population
N p	Total progenitor-cell population
N d	Total differentiated blood population	∼109– 1010
$y_n^{\left(k\right)}$	Number of differentiated clones of size n arising from progenitors of size k