Figure 1. Infection of different Anopheles species by Cambodian P. falciparum clinical isolates.

Three ART-sensitive parasites carrying WT K13 alleles (KH-C/WT) and six ART-resistant parasites from three Western Cambodian founder populations carrying different mutant K13 alleles (WKH-F02/R539T, WKH-F04/Y493H and WKH-F03/C580Y) were used to infect malaria vectors of Africa (An. coluzzii) and Southeast Asia (An. dirus and An. minimus) in parallel. Infection intensity was measured by counting the number of parasite oocysts per mosquito midgut in individual mosquitoes 8 days after they were fed gametocyte-infected erythrocytes. Each dot represents the oocyst count in a single mosquito midgut; black bars indicate the mean number of oocysts per midgut for all mosquitoes dissected. At least four independent feeds were performed for each parasite–mosquito combination. n, number of fed mosquitoes checked for oocysts; % Inf., proportion of fed mosquitoes with ≥1 oocyst; Spz., sporozoites were found in the salivary glands of a subset of mosquitoes dissected on day 14 after feeding (+), or their presence could not be determined (ND), typically owing to low infection rates, or were not examined (NE).