Figure 1.

A schematic representation of the bioreactor set-ups. (A) hMSCs were cultured at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 in culture flasks to allow them to proliferate. After expansion, the cells were trypsinized from monolayer culture and seeded onto 3D additive manufactured scaffolds (B), or stored for analysis of the basal gene expression levels (day 0). (E) Seeded scaffolds were statically incubated for 90 min or 6 h in a 24-well plate to allow the hMSCs to adhere to the 3D scaffold before filling the well with culture medium. After several days of incubation, the scaffolds were transferred to a small press-fit chamber in the perfusion bioreactor (D) or in the vessel of the biaxial rotating bioreactor (C) in which culture was prolonged for several days before analyses.