Table 1.
Outcomes: Means and standard deviations across time
| Baseline (n = 22) |
Pre-release (n = 20) |
2 weeks post- release (n = 17) |
3 months post- release (n = 16) |
6 months post-release (n = 13) |
9 months post-release (n = 14) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depressive symptoms | ||||||
| Hamilton Depression score | 23.7 (4.9) | 15.6 (7.5) | 12.4 (8.8) | 15.8d (11.3) | 9.5 (10.6) | 11.1 (11.9) |
| Beck Depression Inventory | 23.1 (6.7) | 15.9 (7.9) | 10.2 (7.6) | 14.6d (10.5) | 11.1 (9.2) | 11.4 (11.9) |
| Substance usea | ||||||
| % Drinking days | 30 (35) | -- | 1 (4) | 4d (14) | 2 (4) | 1 (4) |
| % Drug using days | 62 (40) | -- | 1 (4) | 3d (11) | 11 (29) | 6 (16) |
| % Days abstinentb | 22 (24) | -- | 98 (5) | 93d (17) | 87 (30) | 92 (16) |
| % Days incarcerated | 1 (2) | 100 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (14) | 15 (31) | 12 (24) |
| % Days in residential treatment | 5 (12) | -- | 11 (32) | 15 (41) | 0 (1) | 5 (16) |
| Sober supportf | ||||||
| MSPSS social support score | 52.5 (19.1) | 60.7 (15.8) | 63.0 (12.5) | 58.7 (18.4) | 56.2 (23.6) | 67.3e (15.7) |
| IPA number of people listed | 4.8 (3.2) | 4.2 (1.5) | 4.5 (1.8) | 6.0 (2.9) | 5.5 (3.0) | 4.4 (3.2) |
| IPA number of non-drinking, non-using peoplec | 3.1 (2.4) | 3.4 (1.8) | 3.7 (1.6) | 4.6 (2.4) | 4.3 (2.3) | 3.5 (3.1) |
| % Days attending 12-step groups | 24 (24)f | 28 (21) | 55 (39) | 38 (35) | 27 (31) | 24 (31) |
Baseline substance use variables reflect use in the 6 months prior to the current incarceration
Days abstinent from all drugs or alcohol
Defined as anyone that is in recovery, is abstinent from drugs and alcohol, or whose drinking/using status is unknown (such as counselors).
Significant (p < .05) difference between baseline score and end of active study treatment (3-month post-release) score (days incarcerated and days in residential treatment were not tested)
Significant (p < .05) difference between end of active study treatment (3-month post-release) score and end of follow-up (9-month post-release) score (days incarcerated and days in residential treatment were not tested)
Baseline assessment of all sober support variables, including 12-step attendance, referred to current (in-prison) experiences