Pre-ACA coverage for adults ages 55–64, by income level, authors’ analysis of data from the 2012 American Community Survey (n = 2,620,739). Coverage was assigned using a health insurance hierarchy, so each person has one type of primary coverage. The hierarchy was Medicare, Medicaid, ESI, Non-Group, Other. Family income was determined by the health insurance unit, which consists of an adult, his/her spouse, and dependent children. These results include all U.S. residents. Sensitivity analyses examining only U.S. citizens showed similar results.