Figure 2.

Association of African-American race with all-cause mortality in the overall cohort of 3,072,966 veterans. Panel A shows association of African-American race with all-cause mortality in the overall cohort, with adjustments for baseline characteristics. White patients served as referent. Panel B shows associations of race with all-cause mortality in patients with and without an incident CHD event. CHD events were entered in the models as time dependent covariates, and models were estimated by including multiplicative interaction terms between race and CHD events. White patients without incident CHD served as referent. Panel C shows associations of race with all-cause mortality in patients with and without incident strokes. Strokes were entered in the models as time dependent covariates, and models were estimated by including multiplicative interaction terms between race and strokes. White patients without incident strokes served as referent. Model 1: unadjusted, Model 2: age, gender, baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate; Model 3: Model 2 variables plus comorbidities; Model 4: Model 3 variables plus baseline body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure; Model 5: Model 4 variables plus mean income, marital status, service connectedness, area-level housing stress, low education, low employment and persistent poverty, frequency of VA healthcare encounters, use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers and statins, and receipt of influenza vaccination(s), and each patient’s VA healthcare center.