HA |
A/Vietnam/1203/2004(H5N1) |
BALB/c |
Deletion of polybasic cleavage site |
Reduced respiratory and systemic replication. Reduced proinflammatory cytokines in lungs |
Suguitan et al. (2012) |
A/Hong Kong/156/97(H5N1) |
ddY |
P211T |
Decreased virulence |
Hiromoto et al. (2000) |
Reassortant WSN-HA + A/Hong Kong/1/68(H1N1xH3N2) |
BALB/c |
T160N, P162S |
Increased virulence |
Keleta et al. (2008) |
A/Aichi/2/68(H3N2) |
BALB/c |
G218E |
Increased virulence |
Narasaraju et al. (2009) |
A/Mallard duck/Pennsylvania/10218/84(H5N2) |
|
S203F, E273G, L320P |
Adaptation and virulence |
Smirnov et al. (2000) |
A/California/04/09(H1N1pdm09), A/Tennessee/1-560/09(H1N1pdm09) |
BALB/c |
D222G |
Mouse adaptation and virulence |
Ilyushina et al. (2010) |
A/Brisbane/59/2007(H1N1) |
BALB/c |
T89I, N125T, D221G |
Mouse adaptation and virulence |
Xu et al. (2011a) |
A/Hamburg/04/09(H1N1pdm09) |
BALB/c |
D222G K163E |
Mouse adaptation and pathogenicity |
Seyer et al. (2012) |
A/Hong Kong/1/68(H3N2) |
CD-1 |
G218W |
Mouse adaptation and virulence |
Ping et al. (2010) |
A/Hong Kong/1/68(H3N2) |
CD-1 |
T156N |
Mouse adaptation and virulence |
Ping et al. (2010) |
Reassortant WSN-HA + A/Hong Kong/1/68(H1N1xH3N2) |
BALB/c |
N154S |
Mouse adaptation |
Keleta et al. (2008) |
A/Vietnam/1203/2004(H5N1) NS1-deleted |
Outbred |
K58I |
Increased immunogenicity |
Krenn et al. (2011) |
A/black duck/New Jersey/1580/78(H2N3) |
|
E216D, K307R, T318I |
Mice adaptation and virulence |
Govorkova et al. (2000) |
A/JapanxBellamy/57(H2N1) |
|
K25T, S203F |
M1 |
A/black duck/New Jersey/1580/78(H2N3) |
|
N30D, Q214H |
Mice adaptation and virulence |
Govorkova et al. (2000) |
A/JapanxBellamy/57(H2N1) |
|
M179K |
A/Wisconsin/33 |
|
A41V + T139A |
Mice adaptation neurovirulence |
Ward (1995) |
A/FM/1/47(H1N1) |
|
T139A |
Mice adaptation and virulence |
Brown and Bailly (1999) |
A/duck/Guangxi/53/2002(H5N1) |
BALB/c |
N30D + T215A |
Increased virulence |
Fan et al. (2009) |
M2 |
A/black duck/New Jersey/1580/78(H2N3), A/JapanxBellamy/57(H2N1) |
|
N93S |
Mice adaptation and virulence |
Govorkova et al. (2000) |
NS1 |
Reassortant A/Hong Kong/1/68(H3N2) x PR8 |
BALB/c |
F103L + M106I |
Increased infectivity and virulence |
Dankar et al. (2011) |
A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1) |
PKR KO, IFNAR/IL28R KO |
R184G |
Increased replication in mice lungs |
Steidle et al. (2010) |
A/Aichi/2/68(H3N2) |
BALB/c |
D125G |
Increased virulence |
Narasaraju et al. (2009) |
A/Hong Kong/156/97(H5N1) |
ddY |
D101N |
Increased virulence |
Hiromoto et al. (2000) |
A/Duck/Guangxi/12/03(H5N1) |
BALB/c |
P42S |
Increased virulence |
Jiao et al. (2008) |
A/Duck/Guangxi/27/03(H5N1) |
BALB/c |
S42P |
Attenuation |
A/Duck/Shandong/093/2004(H5N1) |
BALB/c |
E92D |
Decreased virulence |
Long et al. (2008) |
PA |
A/Hong Kong/156/97(H5N1) |
ddY |
G631S |
Increased virulence |
Hiromoto et al. (2000) |
A/Hamburg/04/09(H1N1pdm09) |
BALB/c |
F35L |
Mouse adaptation and pathogenicity |
Seyer et al. (2012) |
PB1 |
A/Hong Kong/156/97(H5N1) |
ddY |
H456Y, S712P |
Increased virulence |
Hiromoto et al. (2000) |
A/Cambodia/P0322095/2005(H5N1) |
BALB/c |
473L + 598L |
Decrease in mouse infectivity |
Xu et al. (2012) |
A/Wisconsin/33(H1N1) PB2K627E |
BALB/c |
L473V + L598P |
Restore mouse infection/replication |
Reassortant A/California/07/2009(H1N1pdm09) + WSN |
BALB/c |
473L |
Decrease in mouse infectivity |
PB1-F2 |
A/Viet Nam/1203/2004(H5N1) |
C57BL/6/A |
N66S |
Increased virulence |
Schmolke et al. (2011) |
No effect |
Reassortant A/WSN/33(H1N1) + A/HK/156/97(H5N1) PB1, A/Brevig Mission/1918(H1N1) |
C57BL/6 |
N66S |
Increased virulence |
Conenello et al. (2007) |
Reassortant A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1) + A/Wuhan/359/95(H3N2) PB1 |
DBA/2 |
P62L + H75R + S82L |
Increased virulence |
Alymova et al. (2011) |
A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) |
BALB/c |
I68T + L69Q + V70G |
Reduced primary viral infectivity and secondary bacterial pneumonia |
Alymova et al. (2014) |
PB2 |
A/Hong Kong/1/68(H3N2) |
CD-1 |
K482R, D701N, D740N |
Increased mouse virulence |
Ping et al. (2011) |
A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) |
CD-1 |
D701N |
Mouse adaptation and virulence |
Ping et al. (2010) |
A/Hong Kong/156/97(H5N1) |
ddY |
N701D |
Increased virulence |
Hiromoto et al. (2000) |
A/Seal/Massachussetts/1/80(H7N7) |
BALB/c |
D701N |
Increased virulence |
Gabriel et al. (2005) |
A/duck/Guangxi/22/2001(H5N1) |
BALB/c |
D701N |
Adaptation and increased virulence |
Li et al. (2005) |
A/New York/1682/2009(H1N1pdm09) |
BALB/c |
D701N |
Increased virulence |
Zhou et al. (2013) |
A/chicken/Netherlands/621557/03(H7N7) |
BALB/c |
E627K |
Mouse adaptation and increased virulence |
de Jong et al. (2013) |
A/chicken/Guangdong/Ts/2004(H9N2), A/chicken/Guangdong/V/2008(H9N2) |
BALB/c |
E627K |
Reduced host antiviral response |
Tian et al. (2012) |
A/chicken/Shandong/16/05(H9N2) |
BALB/c |
M147L + E627K |
Increased virulence |
Wang et al. (2012) |
A/Hong Kong/483/97(H5N1) A/Hong Kong/486/97(H5N1) |
BALB/c |
627K |
Increased virulence |
Chen et al. (2007), Hatta et al. (2001)
|
A/Netherlands/33/03(H7N7) A/Netherlands/219/03(H7N7) |
BALB/c |
627K |
Increased virulence |
Munster et al. (2007) |
A/Shanghai/2/2013(H7N9) |
BALB/c |
E627K |
Increased virulence |
Mok et al. (2014) |
A/Anhui/1/2013(H7N9) |
BALB/c |
E627K |
Increased replication and virulence |
Zhang et al. (2014) |
Reassortant 1918 H1N1 x avian H1N1 |
BALB/c |
E627K |
Increased mouse virulence |
Qi et al. (2012) |
A/equine/London/1416/73(H7N7) |
BALB/c |
E627K |
Adaptation and increased neuronal invasion |
Shinya et al. (2007) |
NP |
A/Hong Kong/1/68(H3N2) |
CD-1 |
D34N, D290N, D480N |
Increased mouse virulence Adaptation |
Ping et al. (2010) |
A/Hong Kong/156/97(H5N1) |
ddY |
E127K |
Increased virulence |
Hiromoto et al. (2000) |
A/Seal/Massachussetts/1/80(H7N7) |
BALB/c |
N319K |
Mouse adaptation |
Gabriel et al. (2005, 2008)
|
NA |
r A/Lyon/969/2009(H1N1pdm09) +/− NA from A/Lyon/1337/2007(H1N1) |
Balb/cByJ |
H275Y |
Increased infectivity |
Ferraris et al. (2012) |
A/California/04/09(H1N1pdm09) |
Balb/c |
H275Y |
Increased virulence |
Song et al. (2013b) |