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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Oct 24.
Published in final edited form as: Circulation. 2012 Jul 2;126(6):688–696. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066688

Table 4.

Nested Models of Heart Failure adding each risk factor individually comparing each Racial/Ethnic group to White Postmenopausal Women.

Racial/Ethnic Group, Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)
Model Asian/Pacific Islander African American Hispanic White p-value for added covariate
Unadjusted Model (Model 1) 0.38 (0.27-0.55) 1.23 (1.10-1.38) 0.56 (0.43-0.72) 1.00 [Reference] <0.001
Established Risk Factors
Model 1 + age 0.40 (0.28-0.57) 1.47 (1.31-1.66) 0.76 (0.59-0.99) 1.00 [Reference] <0.001
Model 1 + hypertension 0.38 (0.27-0.55) 1.23 (1.10-1.38) 0.56 (0.43-0.72) 1.00 [Reference] 0.35
Model 1 + uncontrolled sbp 0.38 (0.27-0.55) 1.23 (1.10-1.38) 0.56 (0.43-0.72) 1.00 [Reference] 0.03
Model 1 + diabetes 0.35 (0.24-0.50) 0.92 (0.81-1.03) 0.49 (0.38-0.63) 1.00 [Reference] <0.001
Model 1 + obesity (BMI ≥ 30) 0.38 (0.27-0.55) 1.23 (1.10-1.39) 0.56 (0.43-0.72) 1.00 [Reference] <0.05
Model 1 + smoking status 0.37 (0.26-0.54) 1.23 (1.10-1.38) 0.56 (0.43-0.72) 1.00 [Reference] 0.77
Model 1 + dyslipidemia 0.37 (0.26-0.54) 1.23 (1.10-1.38) 0.56 (0.43-0.72) 1.00 [Reference] 0.77
Model 1 + previous CHD 0.38 (0.26-0.54) 1.22 (1.09-1.37) 0.56 (0.43-0.73) 1.00 [Reference] <0.001
Socioeconomic Factors
Model 1 + household income 0.41 (0.29-0.59) 0.99 (0.89-1.12) 0.41 (0.32-0.53) 1.00 [Reference] <0.001
Model 1 + education level 0.37 (0.26-0.53) 1.14 (1.01-1.28) 0.44 (0.34-0.57) 1.00 [Reference] <0.001
Other Medical Issues
Model 1 + atrial fibrillation 0.37 (0.26-0.54) 1.23 (1.10-1.38) 0.56 (0.43-0.72) 1.00 [Reference] 0.84
Model 1 + hysterectomy 0.38 (0.27-0.55) 1.17 (1.04-1.31) 0.55 (0.42-0.71) 1.00 [Reference] <0.001
Access to Health Care and Medication Use
Model 1 + any health insurance 0.37 (0.25-0.53) 1.23 (1.09-1.38) 0.55 (0.43-0.72) 1.00 [Reference] 0.46
Model 1 + ARB use 0.38 (0.26-0.55) 1.22 (1.09-1.37) 0.56 (0.43-0.73) 1.00 [Reference] 0.61
Model 1 + aspirin use 0.38 (0.26-0.55) 1.22 (1.09-1.37) 0.56 (0.43-0.73) 1.00 [Reference] 0.75
Model 1 + beta blocker use 0.38 (0.26-0.55) 1.22 (1.09-1.37) 0.56 (0.43-0.73) 1.00 [Reference] 0.98
Model 1 + HRT use 0.38 (0.26-0.55) 1.12 (1.00-1.26) 0.53 (0.41-0.69) 1.00 [Reference] <0.001
Model 1 + multivitamin use 0.37 (0.25-0.53) 1.23 (1.09-1.38) 0.55 (0.43-0.72) 1.00 [Reference] 0.10
Lifestyle Factors
Model 1 + alcohol consumption 0.38 (0.26-0.54) 1.24 (1.10-1.39) 0.56 (0.43-0.72) 1.00 [Reference] 0.80
Model 1 + physical activity level 0.38 (0.26-0.55) 1.24 (1.10-1.39) 0.55 (0.42-0.72) 1.00 [Reference] 0.43
Proximal Risk Factors
Model 1 + interim CHD 0.44 (0.31-0.64) 1.24 (1.10-1.39) 0.62 (0.48-0.81) 1.00 [Reference] <0.001

P-values reflect the effect of adding the risk factor on predicting HF in the Cox-proportional hazard’s model, not differential effect across race/ethnicity gradient