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. 2015 Jul 30;5(2):166–173. doi: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.06.011

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Metformin Increases the Stem Cell Pool and Promotes Differentiation via the aPKC-CBP Pathway in Neonatal Pups

(A) Metformin was added at various concentrations to SE-derived NPCs. Neurosphere numbers were assayed following 7 days in culture (n = 4 independent experiments, one-way ANOVA). In CBP S436A mutant mice, SE-derived NPCs were grown in either 0 ng/ml or 100 ng/ml metformin (n = 13 mice, t test).

(B) Fold increase of O4-positive oligodendrocytes is shown (n = 9/group, t test).

(C) Fold increase of βIII-tubulin-positive neurons within a neurosphere is shown (n = 5/group, t test).

(D) Immunostaining for O4 (purple), βIII-tubulin (green), and Hoechst (blue) in cultures in the absence or presence of metformin during the proliferation and differentiation phases is shown. Scale bars, 20 μm. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001.