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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Transplantation. 2015 Nov;99(11):2258–2268. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000000842

Table 2.

The use of biomarkers can overcome age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and immunosenescence that may not be sufficiently recognized when using trough levels for drug monitoring.

Drug Target Clinical evidence Reference
CNI Calcineurin phosphatase, NFAT Low 134,101,135
mTOR P70S6 kinase No 136
Antimetabolites IMPDH Yes 103,137
Basiliximab IL-2 Low 138