Table 2.
Factors associated with stunting in children aged 0-23 months and 0-59 months
| Characteristic | Stunted children 0–23 Months | Stunted children 0–59 Months | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted OR [95 % CI] | P | Adjusted OR [95 % CI] | P | Unadjusted OR [95 % CI] | p | Adjusted OR [95 % CI] | p | |
| Parental factor | ||||||||
| Maternal working status | ||||||||
| Non-working | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Working (past 12 months) | 1.57 [1.19–2.07] | 0.002 | 1.23 [1.02–1.49] | 0.029 | ||||
| Maternal education | ||||||||
| Secondary and above | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Primary | 2.08 [1.33–3.26] | 0.001 | 1.82 [1.15–2.86] | 0.011 | 2.26 [1.61–3.18] | <0.0001 | 1.53 [1.07–2..19] | 0.019 |
| No education | 2.51 [1.59–3.96] | <0.001 | 2.26 [1.41–3.60] | 0.001 | 2.54 [1.77–3.64] | <0.0001 | 1.61 [1.08–2.40] | 0.019 |
| Partner's occupation | ||||||||
| Not working | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Agriculture | 1.57 [1.06–2.30] | 0.023 | 1.62 [1.05–2.49] | 0.027 | 1.42 [1.21–1.67] | <0.001 | ||
| Non agriculture | 1.07 [0.72–1.59] | 0.712 | 1.30 [0.80–2.04] | 0.233 | 0.98 [0.72–1.32] | 0.889 | ||
| Partner's education | ||||||||
| Secondary and above | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Primary | 2.19 [1.44–3.03] | <0.001 | 2.08 [1.58–2.14] | <0.001 | ||||
| No education | 1.74 [1.12–2.72] | 0.014 | 2.02 [1.51–2.71] | <0.001 | ||||
| Mother's age (years) | ||||||||
| 15–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 25–34 | 0..86 [0.70–1.05] | 0.145 | 0.92 [0.80–1.06] | 0.246 | ||||
| 35–49 | 1.20 [0.93–1.55] | 0.168 | 1.10 [0.93–1.31] | 0.277 | ||||
| Mother's age at child’s birth (years) | ||||||||
| 20–29 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 30–39 | 1.21 [0.95–1.53] | 0.111 | 1.18 [0.93–1.52] | 0.175 | 1.15 [0.99–1.33] | 0.060 | ||
| ≥ 40 | 1.47 [0.92–2.35] | 0.106 | 1.66 [1.02–2.70] | 0.040 | 1.13 [0.83–1.54] | 0.259 | ||
| < 20 | 1.53 [1.17–2.01] | 0.002 | 1.77 [1.27- 2.46] | 0.001 | 1.28 [1.07–1.53] | 0.006 | ||
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Currently married | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Formerly married+ | 1.27 [0.87–1.84] | 0.211 | 1.18 [0.94–1.48] | 0.149 | ||||
| Never married | 0 .78 [0.53–1.15] | 0.209 | 0.80 [0.57–1.11] | 0.184 | ||||
| Birth order | ||||||||
| First-born | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 2nd -4th | 0.96 [0.74–1.24] | 0.736 | 1.04 [0.89–1.22] | 0.602 | ||||
| 5+ | 1.03 [0.77–1.36] | 0.854 | 1.10 [0.92–1.31] | 0.302 | ||||
| Preceding birth interval | ||||||||
| No previous birth | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| < 24 months | 1.09 [0.75–1.59] | 0.644 | 1.25 [0.99–1.58] | 0.066 | ||||
| > 24 months | 0.97 [0.75–1.24] | 0.792 | 1.04 [0.89–1.20] | 0.651 | ||||
| Place of delivery | ||||||||
| Home | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Health facility | 0.81 [0.65–1.00] | 0.053 | 0.76 [0.65–0.88] | <.0001 | ||||
| Type of delivery assistance | ||||||||
| Health professional | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Traditional birth attendant | 1.44 [ 1.09–1.91] | 0.010 | 1.55 [1.28–1.88] | <0.001 | ||||
| Relatives or other | 1.28 [0.99–1.64] | 0.052 | 1.33 [1.13–1.57] | 0.001 | ||||
| No one | 0.61 [0.32–1.16] | 0.130 | 0.96 [0.68–1.37] | 0.831 | ||||
| Mode of delivery | ||||||||
| Non-caesarean | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Caesarean | 0.75 [0 .48–1.15] | 0.188 | 0.70 [0.51–0.98] | 0.035 | ||||
| Timing of postnatal check-up | ||||||||
| No check-ups& | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 0-2 days | 0.95 [0.73–1.25] | 0.729 | 0.85 [0.70–1.03] | 0.101 | ||||
| 3-6 days | 1.04 [0.67–1.59] | 0.874 | 0.99 [0.72–1.35] | 0.927 | ||||
| 7 + days | 0.71 [0.51–0.98] | 0.040 | 0.73 [0.57–0.92] | 0.011 | ||||
| Antenatal clinic visits | ||||||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 1-3. | 0.62 [0.39–0.98] | 0.043 | 0.75 [0.65–0.87] | <0.001 | 0.78 [0.65–0.95] | 0.017 | ||
| 4+ | 0.59 [0.38–0.92] | 0.020 | 0.71 [0.61–0.84] | <0.001 | 0.82 [0.65–1.02] | 0.080 | ||
| Maternal BMI (kgm−2) | ||||||||
| > 18.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| < 18.5 | 1.54 [1.17–2.03] | 0.002 | 1.46 [1.21–1.77] | <0.001 | 1.38 [1.12–1.69] | 0.002 | ||
| Child BF status | ||||||||
| Exclusive BF | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| BF + water | 0.94 [0.59–1.70] | 0.836 | 1.04 [0.68–1.59] | 0.869 | 1.09 [0.71–1.67] | 0.668 | ||
| BF + supplements | 2.11 [1.51, 2.94] | <0.001 | 1.20 [0.98–1.46] | 0.076 | 1.26 [1.03–1.53] | 0.022 | ||
| No BF | 5.07 [3.40–7.56] | <0.001 | 1.69 [1.38–2.06] | <0.001 | 2.02 [1.65–2.46 | <0.001 | ||
| Mother is literate | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 0.93 [0.77–1.12] | 0.450 | 1.36 [1.03–1.82] | 0.032 | 0.82 [0.72–0.93] | 0.003 | ||
| Mother read newspaper | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Yes | 0.93 [0.70–1.24] | 0.625 | 0.87 [0.71–1.07] | 0.183 | ||||
| Mother listened to the radio | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Yes | 1.06 [0.87–1.29] | 0.537 | 0 .92 [0.81–1.04] | 0.190 | ||||
| Mother watched television | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Yes | 0.79 [0.57–1.08] | 0.141 | 0.63 [0.50–0.81] | <0.001 | ||||
| Child level factors | ||||||||
| Child’s age | 1.11 [1.09–1.13] | <0.001 | 1.11[1.10–1.13] | 1.01 [1.01–1.02] | <0.001 | |||
| Sex of baby | ||||||||
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Male | 1.42 [1.17–1.73] | <0.001 | 1.66 [1.34–2.06] | <0.001 | 1.36 [1.21–1.52] | <0.001 | 1.39 [1.23–1.58] | <0.001 |
| Size of baby | ||||||||
| Large | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Average | 1.30 [1.03–1.64] | 0.028 | 1.39 [1.09–1.77] | 0.007 | 1.23 [1.07–1.40] | 0.002 | 1.18 [1.03–1.34] | 0.015 |
| Very small | 1.93 [1.33–2.81] | <0.001 | 2.23 [1.47–3.38] | <0.001 | 1.82 [1.45–2.29] | <0.001 | 1.92 [1.52–2.43] | <0.001 |
| Child had diarrhoea (past 2 weeks) | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Yes | 1.11 [0..87–1.41] | 0.407 | 1.03 [0.87–1.22] | 0.715 | ||||
| Child had fever in (past two weeks) | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Yes | 1.19 [0.96–1.46] | 0.115 | 1.02 [0.88–1.18] | 0.754 | ||||
| Household level factors | ||||||||
| Household wealth index | ||||||||
| Richest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Richer | 1.35 [0.89–2.04] | 0.155 | 1.68 [1.25–2.25] | 0.001 | 1.40 [1.03–1.89] | 0.030 | ||
| Middle | 1.49 [0.99–2.26] | 0.057 | 2.06 [1.55–2.74] | <0.001 | 1.67 [1.23–2.28] | 0.001 | ||
| Poorer | 1.49 [0.99–2.25] | 0.057 | 2.12 [1.58–2.83] | <0.001 | 1.81 [1.34–2.45] | <0.001 | ||
| Poorest | 1.85 [1.25–2.74] | 0.002 | 2.48 [1.87–3.29] | <0.001 | 1.95 [1.43–2.65] | <0.001 | ||
| Source of drinking water | ||||||||
| Protected | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Unprotected | 1.48 [1.19–1.84] | <0.001 | 1.33 [1.04–1.70] | 0.020 | 1.42 [1.23–1.63] | <0.001 | 1.26 [1.08–1.46] | 0.002 |
| Community level factors | ||||||||
| Type of residence | ||||||||
| Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Rural | 1.40 [1.06–1.85] | 0.019 | 1.76 [1.43–2.17] | <0.001 | ||||
| Geographic Zones | ||||||||
| Northern | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Eastern | 0.84 [0.51–1.37] | 0.486 | 0.62 [0.44–0.86] | 0.005 | ||||
| Western | 1.35 [0.96–1.90] | 0.085 | 0.95 [0.75–1.19] | 0.640 | ||||
| Southern Highlands | 1.59 [1.05–2.39] | 0.026 | 1.39 [1.01–1.90] | 0.043 | ||||
| Lake | 0.93 [0.67–1.28] | 0.654 | 0.83 [0.65–1.05] | 0.124 | ||||
| Southern | 1.15 [0.78–1.71] | 0.482 | 1.08 [0.85–1.38] | 0.527 | ||||
| Central | 1.55 [1.09–2.19] | 0.014 | 1.30 [0.99–1.70] | 0.063 | ||||
| Zanzibar | 0.81 [0.58–2.18] | 0.222 | 0.55 [0.43–0.71] | <0.001 | ||||
&(including missing)
+ (divorced/separated /widowed)