Table 1. Descriptive Statistics of the Drinking Groups.
| Non-drinkers | Light drinkers | Infrequent heavy drinkers | Increased heavy drinkers | Decreased heavy drinkers | Chronic heavy drinkers | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drinking behaviour at ages 16+19 (possible combinations separated by semicolons) | ND+ND | ND+DNHD; | ND+IHD; | ND+HD; | HD+ND; | HD+HD |
| DNHD+ND; | DNHD+IHD; | DNHD+HD; | HD+DNHD; | |||
| DNHD+ DNHD | IHD+ND; | IHD+ND | HD+IHD | |||
| IHD+DNHD; | ||||||
| IHD+IHD | ||||||
| N | 85 | 873 | 272 | 514 | 250 | 232 |
| % male | 34 | 48 | 39 | 58 | 47 | 54 |
| Age at baseline | 11.3a | 11.4a | 11.4a | 11.4a | 11.4a | 11.4a |
| Parent SES at baseline | -0.09a | -0.01a | -0.15a | 0.01a | -0.18a | -0.08a |
| Maternal alcohol use (SD) | 2.5(3.7)a | 3.3(4.1)a,b | 3.0(4.0)a,b | 3.7(4.4)b,c | 3.7(4.4)b,c | 4.5(5.1)c |
| Paternal alcohol use (SD) | 4.4(5.0)a | 5.1(5.3)a,b | 5.1(5.3)a,b | 6.2(5.6)b,c | 6.0(5.8)b,c | 6.7(5.9)c |
| Delinquent behaviour age 11(SD) | 0.19(0.18)a | 0.21(0.15)a,b | 0.22(0.16)a,b * | 0.24(0.17)a,b,c | 0.26(0.18)b,c | 0.28(0.22)c |
| Prevalence last year cannabis use age 16 (%) | 7- | 33- | 42 | 45 | 62+ | 70+ |
| Prevalence last year cannabis use age 19 (%) | 2- | 40- | 44 | 61+ | 58 | 67+ |
| Prevalence daily smoking at age 16 (%) | 10- | 16- | 29 | 27 | 44+ | 48+ |
| Prevalence daily smoking at age 19 (%) | 8- | 21 | 29 | 40+ | 42+ | 56+ |
| Prevalence of haven drunk >1 glass age 11 (%) | 5 † | 12- | 15 | 19 | 21 | 23+ |
| Prevalence last year drunkenness age 13 (%) | 9- | 20- | 26 | 28 | 35+ | 36+ |
| Prevalence last year drunkenness age 16 (%) | 14- | 55- | 74 | 77 | 94+ | 98+ |
| Prevalence last year drunkenness age 19 (%) | 22- | 74- | 88 | 98+ | 82 | 97+ |
| N glasses per week age 13 (SD) | 1.0(3.1)a | 1.1(3.2)a | 1.4(3.1)a | 1.5(3.2)b | 3.1(5.6)b | 3.1(5.0)b |
| N glasses per week age 16 (SD) | 0.1(0.1)a | 3.1(2.5)a | 5.8(4.5)b | 5.8(4.8)b | 12.9(6.5)c ** | 14.2(7.1)c ** |
| N glasses per week age 19 (SD) | 0.4(2.0)a | 4.8(3.5)b *** | 7.2(5.0)c | 14.0(7.5)d **** | 6.6(5.3)c *** | 15.8(8.2)e **** |
| Inhibition M(SD) age 11 in ms | 198 (141) | 197(157) | 190(170) | 197(156) | 202(140) | 199(148) |
| Working Memory M(SD) age 11 in ms | 443 (268) | 479(270) | 475(277) | 473(256) | 480(272) | 487(268) |
| Sustained Attention M(SD) age 11 in sec | 1.79(1.05) | 1.76(0.94) | 1.69(0.85) | 1.74(0.92) | 1.83(0.93) | 1.78(0.89) |
| Shift Attention M(SD) age 11 in ms | 586(245) | 559(219) | 544(201) | 544(210) | 556(210) | 570(219) |
| Inhibition M(SD) age 19 in ms | 162(141) | 173(142) | 172(201) | 174(142) | 196(151) | 189(148) |
| Working Memory M(SD) age 19 in ms | 243(175) | 240(150) | 245(146) | 235(143) | 257(157) | 260(155) |
| Sustained Attention M(SD) age 19 in sec | 0.97(0.51) | 0.93(0.44) | 0.92(0.42) | 0.92(0.49) | 0.97(0.47) | 0.95(0.41) |
| Shift Attention M(SD) age 19 in ms | 359(132) | 334(131) | 332(120) | 339(134) | 351(169) | 350(143) |
| Inhibition standardized change score M(SD) | 0.11(1.09) | 0.03(1.17) | -0.01(1.17) | 0.02(1.19) | -0.10(1.17) | -0.07(1.13) |
| Working Memory standardized change score M(SD) | -0.12(1.23) | 0.03(1.03) | -0.01(1.06) | 0.04(1.03) | -0.08(1.03) | -0.08(1.02) |
| Sustained Attention standardized change score M(SD) | -0.05(0.87) | 0.02(0.95) | -0.04(0.85) | 0.01(1.11) | -0.01(0.92) | -0.01(0.93) |
| Shift Attention standardized change score M(SD) | 0.00(1.26) | 0.06(1.14) | 0.00(1.04) | -0.05(1.19) | -0.08(1.31) | -0.01(1.32) |
Note: ND = not drinking, DNHD = drinking, not heavy drinking, IHD = infrequent heavy drinking, HD = heavy drinking.
+ or—signs mean Pearson-Chi-Square Test is significant.
+ means cell count is higher than expected,—means cell count is lower than expected (based on significant standardized residuals for all imputed datasets).
†: cell count was lower than 5.
Different superscript letters refer to significant differences (p < .05) in mean scores between groups: if two group scores are labelled with the same letter, the scores of these groups do not differ. If two scores are labelled with different letters, these scores differ.
*: in two of the five imputed datasets, there was a significant difference between increasers and other heavy drinking groups.
**: in one of the five imputed datasets, there was a significant difference between decreasers and chronic heavy drinkers.
***: in one of the five imputed datasets, there was no significant difference between light drinkers and decreasers.
****: in two of the imputed datasets, there was no significant difference between increasers and chronic heavy drinkers.