Table 1.
General characteristics of study subjects
| Total | Male | Female | Male–female | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 57) | (n = 35) | (n = 22) | p-value | |
| Age, years | 52.56 ± 4.751 | 53.43 ± 4.231 | 51.18 ± 5.288 | 0.082 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.55 ± 2.624 | 24.47 ± 2.295 | 22.10 ± 2.496 | 0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 116.4 ± 16.93 | 120.0 ± 16.84 | 110.8 ± 15.87 | 0.046 |
| DBP, mmHg | 69.91 ± 11.68 | 72.17 ± 11.95 | 66.32 ± 10.50 | 0.065 |
| TG, mg/dL | 117.5 ± 61.40 | 131.0 ± 54.67 | 96.00 ± 66.51 | 0.035 |
| TC, mg/dL | 200.8 ± 33.97 | 195.3 ± 33.97 | 209.4 ± 32.90 | 0.129 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 53.51 ± 10.96 | 49.94 ± 8.691 | 59.18 ± 11.95 | 0.001 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 123.7 ± 30.55 | 119.3 ± 31.14 | 130.7 ± 28.90 | 0.171 |
| AI | 2.848 ± 0.768 | 2.966 ± 0.680 | 2.611 ± 0.857 | 0.142 |
| Apo B, g/L | 0.985 ± 0.186 | 0.998 ± 0.178 | 0.964 ± 0.201 | 0.512 |
| FBS, mg/dl | 100.7 ± 13.68 | 104.7 ± 14.98 | 94.32 ± 8.156 | 0.004 |
| Insulin, μIU/ml | 6.486 ± 3.833 | 7.178 ± 4.225 | 5.274 ± 2.718 | 0.076 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.591 ± 1.090 | 1.886 ± 1.183 | 1.122 ± 0.726 | 0.004 |
| Homocysteine, μmol/L | 10.44 ± 3.393 | 11.85 ± 3.343 | 8.195 ± 2.006 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.472 ± 0.366 | 5.543 ± 0.414 | 5.359 ± 0.240 | 0.064 |
| hs-CRP, mg/L | 0.686 ± 0.597 | 0.708 ± 0.667 | 0.652 ± 0.477 | 0.736 |
| Alcohol intake, wk | 66.67 ± 61.94 | 98.04 ± 54.88 | 16.77 ± 33.24 | <0.001 |
| Total energy intake, % | 98.63 ± 18.61 | 92.54 ± 14.10 | 108.3 ± 21.01 | 0.004 |
| Carbohydrate intake, % | 90.89 ± 34.92 | 88.51 ± 41.71 | 94.68 ± 20.25 | 0.521 |
| Protein intake, % | 109.2 ± 34.01 | 104.2 ± 32.28 | 117.0 ± 35.94 | 0.171 |
| Fat intake, % | 126.5 ± 45.45 | 113.0 ± 40.57 | 147.8 ± 45.44 | 0.004 |
| Metabolic syndrome, n (%) | 10 (17.54) | 8 (22.86) | 2 (9.091) | |
| Central obesity, n (%) | 14 (24.56) | 10 (28.57) | 4 (18.18) | |
| Hypertriglyceridemia, n (%) | 16 (28.07) | 12 (34.29) | 4 (18.18) | |
| Low HDL-C, n (%) | 12 (21.05) | 7 (20.00) | 5 (22.73) | |
| Impaired fasting glucose, n (%) | 10 (17.54) | 9 (25.71) | 1 (4.545) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 12 (21.05) | 9 (25.71) | 3 (13.64) | |
| Postmenopausal, n (%) | 10 (45.45) | – | 10 (45.45) |
Mean ± S.D. tested by independent t test, BMI body mass index, SBP Systolic Blood Pressure, DBP Diastolic Blood Pressure, TG triglyceride, TC total cholesterol, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein, cholesterol, AI (TC-HDL)/HDL, Apo B apolipoprotein B, FBS fasting blood sugar, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, hs-CRP high sensitivity C-reactive protein; intake % percentage of recommended intake and the actual intake