Table 3.

Summary of self-report questionnaire and scales: function(s), target population(s), advantages, and disadvantages.

Questionnaire and scales	Function(s)	Target population(s)	Advantages	Disadvantage(s)
Brief Medication Questionnaire	Patient's medication-taking behavior Barriers to adherence	Diabetes Depression	Self-administration Evaluate multidrug regimes Reduce practitioner's training	Time-consuming
Hill-Bone Compliance Scale (Hill-Bone)	Patient's medication-taking behavior Barriers to adherence	Hypertension specific, black patients	High internal consistency in both primary and outpatient setting	Limited generalizability
8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8)	Patient's medication-taking behavior Barriers to adherence	All validated conditions	Higher validity and reliability in patients with chronic diseases than MAQ
Medication Adherence Questionnaire (MAQ)	Barriers to adherence	All validated conditions	Quickest to administer Validated in the broadest range of diseases Validated in patients with low literacy	Comparatively short, mainly suitable for initial screening
The Self-Efficacy for Appropriate Medication Use Scale (SEAMS)	Barriers to adherence	All validated chronic conditions	High internal consistency in patients with high or low literacy	Time-consuming
Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS)	Barriers to medication adherence Beliefs to medication adherence	Chronic mental illness, especially with schizophrenia	Simplistic scoring Strong positive correlations compared to DAI and MAQ	Limited generalizability