Table 1.
Synthesis of results.
| Author year PEDro |
Group/sample | Age range years | Time since stroke onset | Type of VR | Type of feedback | Sessions | Outcome measures |
|
| |||||||
| Jaffe et al. (2004) [12] PEDro: 4/10 |
ROT: 10 OVR: 10 |
60 mean | Chronic 3-4 years |
Immersive: VR scripting language |
Visual, vibrotactile, auditory | 6 ses. 1 h/d, 3 d/w, 2 w |
Stride gait analysis system, obstacle test, 6MWT |
|
| |||||||
| You et al. (2005) [13] PEDro: 5/10 |
VR: 5 C: 5 |
54 mean | Chronic 1-2 years |
Semi-immersive: IREX VR system |
KR/KP | 20 ses. 1 h/d, 5 d/w, 4 w | FAC, MMAS, fMRI |
|
| |||||||
| Mirelman et al. (2009) [14] PEDro: 5/10 |
R + VR: 9 R: 9 |
61 mean | Chronic 3-4 years |
Semi-immersive: Rutgers Ankle |
KR/KP | 12 ses. 1 h/d, 3 d/w, 4 w |
Gait speed, 6MWT, PAM (gait spatiotemporal parameters) |
|
| |||||||
| Yang et al. (2008) [3] PEDro: 6/10 |
TT: 9 VRTT: 11 |
58 mean | Chronic 6 years |
Immersive: visual screen, 3D Fastrak Polhemus |
Auditory, visual | 9 ses. 20 m/d, 3 d/w, 3 w |
Walking speed, WAQ, ABC scale |
|
| |||||||
| Kim et al. (2009) [15] PEDro: 6/10 |
CP + VR: 12 CP: 12 |
51 mean | Chronic 2-3 years |
Semi-immersive: IREX VR system |
KR/KP | 16 ses. CP: 40 m/d, 4 d/w, 4 w VR: 30 m |
BPM, BBS, 10MWT, MMAS, GAITRite |
|
| |||||||
| Mirelman et al. (2010) [16] PEDro: 3/10 |
R + VR: 9 R: 9 |
61 mean | Chronic 3-4 years |
Semi-immersive: Rutgers Ankle |
KR/KP | 12 ses. 1 h/d, 3 d/w, 4 w |
Gait analysis (kinematic and kinetic parameters) |
|
| |||||||
|
Gil-Gómez et al. (2011) [17] PEDro: 6/10 |
WBB: 9 CR: 8 |
47 mean | Chronic 1-2 years |
Nonimmersive: WBB easy balance virtual rehabilitation | Auditory, visual | 20 ses. 1 h/d (3–5 d/w) |
BBS, BBA, ART, TST, ST, 1MWT, 10MWT, TUG, 30SST |
|
| |||||||
| Fritz et al. (2013) [18] PEDro: 6/10 |
Game: 15 C: 13 |
66 mean | Chronic 3-4 years |
Nonimmersive and semi-immersive: WBB and play station |
Auditory, visual | 20 ses. 1 h/d, 4 d/w |
FMS, BBS, TUG, 6MWT, Dynamic Gait Index, 3MWT, Stroke Impact Scale |
|
| |||||||
|
Cho and Lee (2013) [19] PEDro: 7/10 |
CP + TRWVR: 15 CP + TT: 15 |
64 mean | Chronic 1-2 years |
Semi-immersive: treadmill + screenshot of real-world video recording |
Auditory, visual | 18 ses. 30 m/d, 3 d/w, 6 w |
BBS, TUG, gait performance (GAITRite) |
|
| |||||||
| Park et al. (2013) [20] PEDro: 4/10 |
VR + CP: 8 CP: 8 |
47 mean | Chronic 11 years |
Immersive VR-based postural control program (head-mounted display) |
Visual | 12 ses. 30 min/d, 3 d/w, 4 w |
10MWT, GAITRite (gait parameters) |
|
| |||||||
|
Cho and Lee (2014) [21] PEDro: 7/10 |
CP + TRWVR: 15 CP + TT: 15 |
64 mean | Chronic 1-2 years |
Semi-immersive: treadmill + screenshot of real-world video recording |
Auditory, visual | 18 ses. 30 m/d, 3 d/w, 6 w |
BBS, TUG, Postural Sway Platform System, GAITRite |
3MWT: 3-Minute Walking Test; 6MWT: 6-Minute Walking Test; 10MWT: 10-Meter Walking Test; 30SST: 30-Second Sit to Stand Test; ABC scale: activities-specific balance confidence; ART: Anterior Reach Test; BBA: Brunel Balance Assessment; BBS: Berg Balance Scale; BPM: Balance Performance Monitor; C: control (no intervention); CP: conventional physiotherapy; FAC: Functional Ambulatory Scale; FMS: Fugl-Meyer Scale; KP: knowledge of performance; KR: knowledge of results; MMAS: Modified Motor Assessment Scale; OVR: virtual obstacle training; PAM: Patient Activity Monitor, Ossur (walking activity); R: robot; ROT: real obstacles training; ST: Steeping Test; TRWVR: treadmill training based real-world video recording; TST: Timed Stair Test; TT: treadmill training; TUG: Timed Up Go; VRTT: virtual reality-based treadmill training; WAQ: Walking Ability Questionnaire; WBB: Wii Balance.