Table 2.

Infectious pathogens and toxic compounds known to be associated with chronic inflammation and solid and blood cancers.

Exposure to infectious pathogens	Affected cells	Associated solid cancer	Associated hematological malignancy
Human T-cell leukemia virus 1 (HTLV-1)	T-lymphocytes		T-cell leukemia T-cell lymphoma
Hepatitis C virus (Flavivirus)	Hepatocytes B-lymphocytes	Hepatocarcinoma	B-cell lymphoma, plasma cell leukemia, MGUS, and myeloma
Hepatitis B virus (Hepadnavirus)	Hepatocytes	Hepatocarcinoma
Epstein-Barr virus (human herpes virus 4)	B-lymphocytes	Nasopharynx	B-cell lymphoma MGUS, and myeloma
Human herpes virus 8 (herpes virus)	Fibroblasts B-lymphocytes	Sarcoma	B-cell lymphoma, myeloma, and plasma cell leukemia
Human herpes virus 2 (herpes virus)	Epithelial cells	Genital cancer
Human papilloma (papilloma virus)	Epithelial cells	Genital cancer
Helicobacter pylori (bacterium)	Epithelial cells	Gastric carcinoma	MALT lymphoma, MGUS, and myeloma
Borrelia burgdorferi (bacterium)	Keratinocytes, fibroblasts, dendritic cells, T-lymphocytes, and monocytes/macrophages		Skin lymphoma
Campylobacter jejuni (bacterium)	Intestinal cells		Immunoproliferative small intestine disease (IPSID)
Chlamydia psittaci (bacterium)	Nasal and pulmonary cells		Ocular adnexal lymphoma
Toxoplasma gondii (protozoon)	Macrophages		Intraocular B-cell lymphoma
Schistosoma haematobium (Platyhelminthe, Trematoda)		Bladder carcinoma
Opisthorchis viverrini (Platyhelminthe, Trematoda)		Bile duct carcinoma
Porphyromonas gingivalis  (bacterium)		Gingival/mouth cancer, pancreatic cancer?
Exposure to toxics	Affected cells	Associated solid cancer	Associated hematological disorder or malignancy
Tobacco	Epithelial cells	Lung cancer Bladder cancer Others	Chronic stimulation of myelopoiesis
Asbestos fibers (results in asbestosis, an inflammatory condition)	Mesothelial cells	Mesothelioma
Pesticides	All		Lymphoma
Benzene	All	Bladder cancer	Chronic myelogenous leukemia and other myeloid and lymphoid malignancies