Table 2.
Exposure to infectious pathogens | Affected cells | Associated solid cancer | Associated hematological malignancy |
---|---|---|---|
Human T-cell leukemia virus 1 (HTLV-1) | T-lymphocytes | T-cell leukemia T-cell lymphoma |
|
Hepatitis C virus (Flavivirus) |
Hepatocytes B-lymphocytes |
Hepatocarcinoma | B-cell lymphoma, plasma cell leukemia, MGUS, and myeloma |
Hepatitis B virus (Hepadnavirus) | Hepatocytes | Hepatocarcinoma | |
Epstein-Barr virus (human herpes virus 4) |
B-lymphocytes | Nasopharynx | B-cell lymphoma MGUS, and myeloma |
Human herpes virus 8 (herpes virus) |
Fibroblasts B-lymphocytes |
Sarcoma | B-cell lymphoma, myeloma, and plasma cell leukemia |
Human herpes virus 2 (herpes virus) |
Epithelial cells | Genital cancer | |
Human papilloma (papilloma virus) | Epithelial cells | Genital cancer | |
Helicobacter pylori (bacterium) | Epithelial cells | Gastric carcinoma | MALT lymphoma, MGUS, and myeloma |
Borrelia burgdorferi (bacterium) | Keratinocytes, fibroblasts, dendritic cells, T-lymphocytes, and monocytes/macrophages | Skin lymphoma | |
Campylobacter jejuni (bacterium) | Intestinal cells | Immunoproliferative small intestine disease (IPSID) | |
Chlamydia psittaci (bacterium) | Nasal and pulmonary cells | Ocular adnexal lymphoma | |
Toxoplasma gondii (protozoon) | Macrophages | Intraocular B-cell lymphoma | |
Schistosoma haematobium (Platyhelminthe, Trematoda) | Bladder carcinoma | ||
Opisthorchis viverrini (Platyhelminthe, Trematoda) | Bile duct carcinoma | ||
Porphyromonas gingivalis
(bacterium) |
Gingival/mouth cancer, pancreatic cancer? |
||
| |||
Exposure to toxics | Affected cells | Associated solid cancer |
Associated hematological disorder or malignancy |
| |||
Tobacco | Epithelial cells | Lung cancer Bladder cancer Others |
Chronic stimulation of myelopoiesis |
Asbestos fibers (results in asbestosis, an inflammatory condition) | Mesothelial cells | Mesothelioma | |
Pesticides | All | Lymphoma | |
Benzene | All | Bladder cancer | Chronic myelogenous leukemia and other myeloid and lymphoid malignancies |