Table 3.
Association between demographic and clinical characteristics and time to death
| Characteristic | Sub categories | 0–6 h | 6+ h | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | |||
| 60 (32.3) | 126 (67.7) | |||
| Baseline characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | <30 | 18 (30.0) | 33 (26.2) | 0.49 |
| 30–50 | 19 (31.7) | 33 (26.2) | ||
| >50 | 23 (38.3) | 60 (47.6) | ||
| Gender | Male | 39 (65.0) | 69 (55.7) | 0.23 |
| Female | 21 (35.0) | 55 (44.3) | ||
| Cause of death | Congestive heart failure | 8 (13.3) | 14 (11.1) | 0.03 |
| Traumatic head injury | 13 (21.7) | 27 (21.4) | ||
| Other medical causes | 5 (8.3) | 18 (14.3) | ||
| Polytrauma/non-head trauma | 12 (20.0) | 5 (4.0) | ||
| Respiratory failure | 6 (10.0) | 22 (17.5) | ||
| Sepsis/Infection | 10 (16.7) | 25 (19.8) | ||
| Stroke | 3 (5.0) | 11 (8.7) | ||
| Unknown | 3 (5.0) | 4 (3.2) | ||
| Triage level | Red | 38 (63.3) | 34 (27.6) | <0.01 |
| Orange | 20 (33.3) | 69 (56.1) | ||
| Yellow | 2 (3.3) | 18 (14.6) | ||
| Green | 0 (0) | 2 (1.6) | ||
| Method of referral | Referred from hospital, clinic, health centre | 39 (69.6) | 86 (71.1) | 0.85 |
| Self referral | 17 (30.4) | 35 (28.9) | ||
| Duration of symptoms | <4 h | 22 (37.3) | 14 (11.4) | <0.01 |
| 4–24 h | 12 (20.3) | 40 (32.5) | ||
| >24–48 h | 2 (3.4) | 13 (10.6) | ||
| >48 h–1 week | 11 (18.6) | 15 (12.2) | ||
| >1 week | 12 (20.3) | 41 (33.3) | ||
| Mode of transportation to ED | Ambulance | 17 (29.8) | 22 (18.2) | 0.06 |
| Car/truck | 9 (15.8) | 10 (8.3) | ||
| Taxi | 27 (47.4) | 83 (68.6) | ||
| Walk-in/carried | 4 (7.0) | 6 (5.0) | ||
| # Prior ED visits in past 30 days | 0 | 52 (86.7) | 99 (80.4) | 0.50 |
| 1 | 5 (8.3) | 12 (9.8) | ||
| ≥2 | 3 (5.0) | 12 (9.8) | ||
| Day of ED presentation | Weekday | 44 (73.3) | 81 (65.3) | 0.28 |
| Weekend | 16 (26.7) | 43 (34.7) | ||
| Type of Payment | Free | 11 (18.3) | 21 (16.8) | 0.80 |
| Non-free (self-pay) | 49 (81.7) | 104 (83.2) | ||
| Timing and location of death | ||||
| Time of presentation to ED | Daytime | 28 (46.7) | 65 (52.9) | 0.73 |
| Evening | 14 (23.3) | 26 (21.1) | ||
| Overnight | 18 (30.0) | 32 (26.0) | ||
| Time of death | Daytime | 16 (27.6) | 50 (40.0) | 0.10 |
| Evening | 21 (36.2) | 28 (22.4) | ||
| Overnight | 21 (36.2) | 47 (37.6) | ||
| Location of death | In the ED | 55 (93.2) | 115 (92.7) | 0.91 |
| On the ward (any) | 4 (6.8) | 9 (7.3) | ||