Table 1.
Pathological models used to identify the effects of Gastrodia elata (GE) and its components on neurodegenerative disorders.
| Model | Inducer | Extracts/components | Dose/route/regimen | Animal or cell | Major finding | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seizure | Cocaine | GE rhizome—methanol extract | 500 or 1000 mg/kg, p.o., 5 times every 12 h before cocaine treatment | C57BL/6J mice | Seizure onset time ↑ Seizure duration ↓ |
[29] |
| KA | EFME of GE | 200 or 500 mg/kg, p.o., 14 days before and 4 days after KA injection | ICR mice | Onset time of neurobehavioral change ↑ Severity of convulsions ↓ Hippocampal neuronal damage ↓ |
[25] | |
| KA | GE rhizome—ethanol extract | 0.5 or 1.0 g/kg, p.o., 30 min before KA injection | SD rats | Seizure onset time ↑ Seizure-like behavior ↓ |
[24] | |
| KA | GE rhizome—aqueous extract | 0.5 or 1.0 g/kg, p.o., 1 week before or 2 weeks after KA injection | SD rats | Three types of seizure (wet dog shakes, paw tremor, and facial myoclonia) ↓ | [26] | |
| PTZ | EFME of GE rhizome | 500 mg/kg, p.o., for 10 days | SD rats | Seizure recovery time ↓ Seizure severity ↓ |
[30] | |
|
| ||||||
| Ischemia | Hypoxia | Gastrodin | 25–100 μg/mL | Rat cortical neurons | Neuronal survival ↑ | [42] |
| MCAO | Gastrodin | 50 mg/kg, i.p., 10 min before MCAO | SD rats | Infarct volume ↓ Cerebral injury ↓ Amino acids ↑ |
[41] | |
| MCAO | Gastrodin | 50 or 100 mg/kg, i.p., at the onset of MCAO | SD rats | Infarct volume ↓ Edema volume ↓ |
[40] | |
| Transient global ischemia | EFME of GE rhizome | 200 or 500 mg/kg, p.o., 14 days before brain ischemia | Mongolian gerbils | Neuronal damage in hippocampal CA1 ↓ | [39] | |
| Transient global ischemia | Vanillin, 4-HBAL, and 4-HBA | 40 mg/kg, i.p., 30 min before and after ischemia | Mongolian gerbils | Neuronal survival in hippocampal CA1 ↑ | [38] | |
|
| ||||||
| Alzheimer's disease | Aβ (1–42) | GE rhizome—chloroform extract | 20 μg/mL, for 24 h | PC12 and primary neuronal cells | Neuronal cell protection ↑ | [45] |
| Aβ (1–42) | GE rhizome—methanol extract, gastrodin, and 4-HBA | 10 μg/mL, for 48 h | BV2 mouse microglial cell | Cell viability ↑ | [48] | |
| Aβ (25–35) | GE rhizome powder | 500 or 1000 mg/kg, p.o., for 52 days | Wistar rats | Amyloid deposits ↓ Spatial memory ↑ Choline acetyltransferase ↑ |
[47] | |
|
| ||||||
| Parkinson's disease | MPP+ | Gastrodin | 1, 5, and 25 μM, 4 h prior to MPP+ exposure | SH-SY5Y cells | Cell viability ↑ Oxidative stress ↓ |
[54] |
| MPP+ | GE rhizome—ethanol extract | 10, 100, and 200 μg/mL, 4 h prior to MPP+ exposure | SH-SY5Y cells | Cell viability ↑ Cytotoxicity ↓ |
[53] | |
| MPP+ | GE rhizome—ethanol extract Vanillyl alcohol |
10, 100, and 200 μg/mL 1, 10, and 100 μM |
MN9D cells | Cell viability ↑ Cytotoxicity ↓ |
[55] | |
| MPTP, MPP+ | Gastrodin | 10, 30, and 60 mg/kg, p.o., for 15 days 1, 5, and 25 μM, 4 h prior to MPP+ exposure |
C57BL/6 mice, SH-SY5Y cells |
Bradykinesia ↓ Motor impairment ↓ Cell viability ↑ |
[52] | |
4-HBA: 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol; 4-HBAL: 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde; 6-OHDA: 6-hydroxydopamine; EFME: ether fraction of methanol extract; GE: Gastrodia elata; ICR: Institute of Cancer Research; KA: kainic acid; L-DOPA: L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine; MCAO: middle cerebral artery occlusion; MPP+: 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; PC: pheochromocytoma; PTZ: pentylenetetrazole; SD: Sprague Dawley.