Table 2.
Target pathway | Inducer(s) | Extracts/components | Dose/route/regimen | Animals or cells | Histological and biochemical evaluation | References |
| ||||||
Neurotransmission | PTZ | EFME of GE rhizome | 500 mg/kg, p.o., for 10 days | SD rats | Recovery of brain GABA contents | [30] |
| ||||||
Neurotransmission | Stroking of the back | Gastrodin | 60 mg/kg, p.o., for 1 week | Mongolian gerbils | Decreased GABA-T immunoreactivity Decreased SSADH, SSAR immunoreactivity |
[57] |
| ||||||
Neurotransmission | Cocaine | GE rhizome—methanol extract | 500 or 1000 mg/kg, p.o., 5 times every 12 h before cocaine treatment | C57BL/6J mice | Attenuation of cocaine-induced seizure via GABAA, but not GABAB receptor activation | [29] |
| ||||||
Neurotransmission | Pentobarbital | GE rhizome—ethanol extract | 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, p.o., 1 h before pentobarbital injection | ICR mice, primary culture of cerebellar granule cells | Prolonged total sleep time Reduced sleep latency Increased GAD and GABAA receptor subtype expression |
[58] |
| ||||||
Neurotransmission and antioxidation | Transient global ischemia | Vanillin, 4-HBAL, and 4-HBA |
40 mg/kg, s.c., 30 min before and 30 min, 3, 6, 9, and 24 h after ischemia 0.016, 0.08, 0.4, 2, and 10 μM, for 2 h |
Mongolian gerbils, PC12 cells | Downregulated 8-OHdG immunoreactivity Increased GABA-T in the early stage after ischemia Antioxidant activity on lipid peroxidation |
[38] |
| ||||||
Antioxidation | Glutamate | Gastrodin | 0.1, 1, and 10 μM | PC12 cells | Inhibited ROS production Inhibited MDA, MMP, and SOD levels Blocked glutamate-induced [Ca2+]I influx Blocked CaMKII, ASK-1, and phosphorylation of MAPK |
[59] |
| ||||||
Antioxidation | MPP+ | Gastrodin | 1, 5, and 25 μM, 4 h prior to MPP+ exposure | SH-SY5Y cells | Decreased ROS production Induced HO-1 expression through p38 MAPK/Nrf2 signaling pathway |
[54] |
| ||||||
Antioxidation | MPP+ | GE rhizome—ethanol extract | 10, 100, and 200 μg/mL, 4 h prior to MPP+ exposure | SH-SY5Y cells | Inhibited ROS production Inhibited Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, cleaved caspase-3, and PARP proteolysis |
[53] |
| ||||||
Antioxidation | MPP+ | GE rhizome—ethanol extract Vanillyl alcohol | 10, 100, and 200 μg/mL 1, 10, and 100 μM |
MN9D cells | Inhibited ROS production Inhibited Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, cleaved caspase-3, and PARP proteolysis |
[55] |
| ||||||
Antioxidation | Aβ (25–35) | GE rhizome—aqueous extract | 20 μM, for 48 h | PC12 cells | Decreased ROS production Upregulated enzymatic activities of catalase, SOD, and glutathione peroxidase |
[60] |
| ||||||
Antioxidation | MCAO | GE rhizome—aqueous extract 4-HBA |
500 mg/kg, i.p. 25 mg/kg, i.p., 3 days prior to MCAO |
SD rats | Increased levels of genes related to antioxidant system (protein disulfide isomerase and 1-Cys peroxiredoxin) | [61] |
| ||||||
Anti-inflammation | CUS | Gastrodin | 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, i.p., for 14 days 5, 10, 20, and 50 μg/mL |
SD rats Primary hippocampal cells |
Upregulated neural stem cell proliferation Reduced NF-κB and IL-1β |
[62] |
| ||||||
Anti-inflammation | LPS | Gastrodin | 30, 40, and 60 μM, 1 h prior to LPS exposure | BV-2 cells | Decreased levels of proinflammatory enzymes (iNOS, COX-2) and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) Reduced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, p38 MAPK, and CREB |
[63] |
| ||||||
Anti-inflammation | Rotenone | Gastrodin | 0.2 g/kg, p.o. | Wistar rats | Suppressed microglial activation Reduced IL-1β expression |
[64] |
| ||||||
Anti-inflammation | KA | GE rhizome—ethanol extract | 0.5, 1 g/kg, p.o., 30 min prior to KA injection | SD rats | Decreased microglial activation (ED1) Reduced nNOS activation |
[65] |
| ||||||
Anti-inflammation and antioxidation | LPS | GE rhizome—ethanol extract | 0.25, 0.5, and 1 μg/mL, for 24 h | RAW264.7 cells | Inhibited NO production Reduced iNOS and COX-2 expression |
[66] |
| ||||||
Anti-inflammation and antioxidation | LPS | GE rhizome—ethanol extract 4-HBA |
1, 10, and 100 μg/mL 50, 100, and 200 nM |
BV-2 cells | Inhibited JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways Inhibited NO and iNOS |
[18] |
4-HBA: 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol; 4-HBAL: 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde; 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine; ASK-1: apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1; CaMKII: Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; CUS: chronic unpredictable stress; EFME: ether fraction of methanol extract; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GABA-T: gamma aminobutyric acid transaminase; GAD: glutamate decarboxylase; GE: Gastrodia elata; GREE: Gastrodia elata rhizome ethanol extract; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; JNK: c-jun N-terminal kinases; KA: kainic acid; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MCAO: middle cerebral artery occlusion; MDA: malondialdehyde; MMP: mitochondrial membrane potential; nNOS: neuronal nitric oxide synthase; NO: nitric oxide; PTZ: pentylenetetrazole; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SOD: superoxide dismutase; SSADH: succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase; SSAR: succinic semialdehyde reductase.