Table 2.
Summary of studies examining the effect of LIPA on CVD risk factors and CVD-related markers.
| Marker | Summary coding of studies involving physically inactive population | Summary coding of studies involving populations with a medical condition | Summary coding of studies involving healthy population | Summary coding of all included studies | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVD risk factors | n/N (%)a,b,c | Effect (0/−/+/?)d |
n/N (%)a,b,c | Effect (0/−/+/?)d |
n/N (%)a,b,c | Effect (0/−/+/?)d |
n/N (%)a,b,c | Effect (0/−/+/?)d |
|
| ||||||||
| Body mass | 0/4 (0%) | No (00) | 0/0 (0%) | NA | 0/4 (0%) | No (00) | 0/5 (0%) | No (00) |
| WC | 0/3 (0%) | No (0) | 0/2 (0%) | No (0) | 0/0 (0%) | NA | 0/4 (0%) | No (00) |
| BMI | 0/3 (0%) | No (0) | 0/2 (0%) | No (0) | 0/0 (0%) | NA | 0/4 (0%) | No (00) |
| % BF | 0/2 (0%) | No (0) | 0/0 (0%) | NA | 0/0 (0%) | NA | 0/2 (0%) | No (0) |
| Systolic BP | 3/5 (60%) | Positive (++) | 2/3 (67%) | Positive (+) | 0/5 (0%) | No (00) | 3/9 (33%) | No (00) |
| Diastolic BP | 2/5 (40%) | Inconsistent (??) | 2/3 (67%) | Positive (+) | 0/5 (0%) | No (00) | 2/9 (22%) | No (00) |
| Glucose | 1/8 (12%) | No (00) | 1/3 (33%) | No (0) | 0/8 (0%) | No (00) | 3/16 (19%) | No (00) |
| Insulin | 1/8 (12%) | No (00) | 0/1 (0%) | NA | 0/8 (0%) | No (00) | 1/13 (8%) | No (00) |
| Hba1C | 0/1 (0%) | NA | 0/1 (0%) | NA | 0/0 (0%) | NA | 0/2 (0%) | No (0) |
| Total cholesterol | 1/5 (20%) | No (00) | 0/0 (0%) | NA | 1/6 (17%) | No (00) | 2/11(18%) | No (00) |
| HDL cholesterol | 0/7 (0%) | No (00) | 0/1 (0%) | NA | 1/8 (12%) | No (00) | 1/13 (8%) | No (00) |
| LDL cholesterol | 0/4 (0%) | No (00) | 0/0 (0%) | NA | 0/3 (0%) | No (0) | 0/6 (0%) | No (00) |
| Triglycerides | 2/8 (25%) | No (00) | 0/1 (0%) | NA | 4/7 (57%) | Inconsistent (??) | 5/13 (38%) | Inconsistent (??) |
|
| ||||||||
| CVD-related markers | n/N (%)a,b,c | Effect (0/−/+/?)d |
n/N (%)a,b,c | Effect (0/−/+/?)d |
n/N (%)a,b,c | Effect (0/−/+/?)d |
n/N (%)a,b,c | Effect (0/−/+/?)d |
|
| ||||||||
| VO2 max | 2/5 (40%) | Inconsistent (??) | 0/1 (0%) | NA | 1/2 (50%) | Inconsistent (?) | 3/8 (38%) | Inconsistent (??) |
| Resting HR | 1/4 (25%) | No (00) | 0/1 (0%) | NA | 0/3 (0%) | No (0) | 1/5 (20%) | No (00) |
| CRP | 0/2 (0%) | No (0) | 0/0 (0%) | NA | 0/0 (0%) | NA | 0/2 (0%) | No (0) |
| Interleukin-6 | 0/3 (0%) | No (0) | 0/2 (0%) | No (0%) | 0/0 (0%) | NA | 0/4 (0%) | No (00) |
| TNF-alpha | 0/1 (0%) | NA | 0/1 (0%) | NA | 0/0 (0%) | NA | 0/2 (0%) | No (0) |
a n = number of studies reporting difference in the expected direction.
b N = number of identified studies of interest.
c(%) = percentage of studies reporting differences in the expected direction.
dSummary effect. No effect (0): 0–33% of studies reported significant differences; inconsistent (?): 34–59% of studies reported significant differences; positive (+) or negative (−) effect: 60–100% of studies demonstrated significant differences; ≥4 studies: positive (++), negative (−−), no effect (00), and inconsistent findings (??).
CVD markers (waist-to-hip ratio, heart rate maximal, and tumor necrosis factor receptor 2) with only one study demonstrating the effect of light intensity activity were excluded in this summary table.
BF: body fat; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; CRP: C-reactive protein; CVD: cardiovascular disease; Hba1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HR: heart rate; LDL; low-intensity lipoprotein; NA: not applicable; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; VO2 max: maximal oxygen uptake; WC: waist circumference.