Table 1.
Summary of malaria control programmes using IRS in Zimbabwe between 1945 and 2004
| Author | Year | Milestones in insecticide use in Zimbabwe |
|---|---|---|
| Mabaso et al., [47] | 1945 | IRS introduced |
| 1949 | Programme launched | |
| 1957–62 | DDT and BHC used | |
| 1972–73 | BHC (equally effective as DDT but cheaper) | |
| 1974–87 | DDT (due to resistance to BHC) | |
| 1988–2000 | Deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin (policy change) | |
| UNEP, [50] | 2004 | DDT was reintroduced to complement pyrethroids |
| Unpublished sources/reports | 1949–1960 | BHC used for the countrywide malaria control programme, while dieldrin was used in sugar estates |
| 1960 | DDT was used to complement BHC on a small scale | |
| 1974–1976 | DDT became a principal insecticide for malaria control | |
| 1976–80 | No insecticide used as spraying activities were disrupted by war of liberation | |
| 1980–1987 | Extensive use of DDT resumed | |
| 1987–1991 | DDT used, interchangeable with deltamethrin | |
| 1991 | DDT abandoned (decision to abandon was motivated by need to protect tobacco export) | |
| 1991–2003 | Only pyrethroids (deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and alpha-cypermethrin) were used | |
| UNEP, [50] | 2004 | DDT was reintroduced to complement pyrethroids |