Table 2.
Summary of studies that assessed insecticide resistance in malarial mosquitoes between 1972 and 2014 in Zimbabwe
| Author [reference] | Objectives | Mosquito species studied | Study area | Method | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Knox et al. [52] | To introduce and demonstrate the usefulness of the online mapping tool IR Mapper | An. gambiae | African region (results presented are for Zimbabwe) | Systematic search of published peer-reviewed literature | An. gambiae and An. funestus were resistant to organophosphates and pyrethroids. |
| An. funestus | |||||
| Lukwa et al. [56] | To conduct a nation-wide assessment of insecticide susceptibility in wild populations of An. gambiae s.l. | An. gambiae s.l | Thirteen (13) sentinel sites covering all malaria-endemic regions in Zimbabwe | All sites were sampled for resistance in malarial mosquitoes between 2011 and 2012. | No evidence of phenotypic resistance to any of the four insecticide classes in An. gambiae s.l. collected across different eco-epidemiology areas in Zimbabwe. |
| PMI Africa IRS. [5] | To determine insecticide susceptibility for malarial mosquito species from sentinel sites throughout Zimbabwe | An. gambiae s.l | Nine (9) sentinel sites in various provinces in Zimbabwe | WHO susceptibility tests were done using impregnated papers and test kits on wild caught An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus mosquitoes. | An. funestus mosquitoes were resistant to pyrethroids (lambda-cyhalothrin and etofenprox). |
| An. funestus | |||||
| Choi et al. [55] | To investigate the biological attributes of insecticide resistance and parasite infection rates that both impact on malaria vector control activities | An. funestus | Honde Valley | WHO susceptibility tests were done using impregnated papers and test kits on mosquitoes were collected between February and March 2014. | An. funestus populations were resistant to pyrethroids and carbamates. |
| Munhenga et al. [37] | To determine insecticide susceptibility of An. arabiensis using the WHO insecticide susceptibility method. | An. arabiensis | Gokwe | WHO susceptibility tests were done using impregnated papers and test kits on wild caught An. arabiensis and F1 progeny of the same mosquitoes. | Study confirmed the presence of permethrin and DDT resistance in An. gambiae mosquitoes in the Gwave area of Gokwe. |
| Masendu et al. [54] | To determine the distribution of malaria vectors in Zimbabwe together with the extent of insecticide resistance in different assemblages | An. gambiae Giles s.s, An. arabiensis Patton, An. merus Dönitz and An. quadrinnulatus Theobald (species A). | Zimbabwe | National anopheline mosquito survey conducted between 1992 and 2002 at sites broadly categorised based on land use, patterns and location. | DDT resistance was detected in An. arabiensis collected from market gardens in Gokwe. |
| Manokore et al. [49] | To determine insecticide susceptibility of field caught An. arabiensis and F1 progeny reared from these field-caught females An. arabiensis Patton mosquitoes to WHO recommended insecticides | An. arabiensis Patton | Gokwe district in the Midlands province | Wild caught An. arabiensis mosquitoes were tested for insecticide sensitivity using the WHO susceptibility test method. | F1 progeny of field-caught females that were identified as An. arabiensis Patton were completely susceptible to deltamethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and DDT. |
| Green, [48] | Unknown | Unknown | Chiredzi district | Unknown mosquitoes were tested against BHC | Insecticide resistance to BHC reported in Chiredzi |