Table 1.
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy TBI models.
| Study | Sex/species/age | Model | Injuries | Interval | Anesthesia | Outcome measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liu et al. (27) | Male S. Dawley rat 2–3 months |
Metal CCI Open head |
Single | Single | Isoflurane | Tauopathy; cell death; apoptosis |
| Goldstein et al. (17) | Male C57BL6 mice 2–3 months |
Blast Closed head |
Single | Single | Ketamine/xylazine | Electrophysiology; tauopathy; axonal damage; motor; cognition; structural integrity; advanced imaging; human studies |
| Ojo et al. (18) | Male/female C57BL6 mice, hTau Tg mice 18 months |
Metal CCI Closed head |
Single Repeat (5) |
Single (48 h) | Isoflurane | Tauopathy; gliosis and degeneration; structural integrity; cell death |
| Mouzon et al. (25) | Male C57BL6 mice 9–15 months |
Metal CCI Closed head |
Single Repeat (5) |
Single (48 h) | Isoflurane | Motor; cognition; anxiety; inflammation; tauopathy; axonal damage |
| Huber et al. (26) | Male C57BL6 mice 2–3 months |
Blast Closed head |
Single | Single | Isoflurane | Motor; oxidative stress; tauopathy |
| Luo et al. (22) | Male C57BL6 mice, GFAPLuc mice 2–3 months |
Rubber CCI Closed head |
Single Repeat (2, 3, 5) |
Single (24 h) | Isoflurane | Bioluminescence; motor; anxiety; cognition; fear conditioning; gliosis and degeneration; apoptosis |
| Glushakova et al. (39) | Male S. Dawley rats 2–3 months |
Metal CCI Open head |
Single | Single | Isoflurane | Vascular and axonal damage; gliosis and degeneration |
| Zhang et al. (32) | Male C57BL6 mice 2–3 months |
Metal CCI Closed head |
Single Repeat (3) |
Single (24 h) | Avertin | Electrophysiology; neuroscore; inflammation; tauopathy; gliosis and degeneration; cognition |
| Kondo et al. (29) | Male C57BL6 mice 2–3 months |
Single blast and weightdrop Closed head |
Single Repeat (7) |
Single severe Seven mild over 9 days |
Isoflurane | Electrophysiology; motor; cognition; anxiety; structural integrity; axonal damage; tauopathy; cell death; mitochondrial function; human studies |
| Lucke-Wold et al. (24, 30) | Male S. Dawley rats 2–3 months |
Blast Closed head |
Single Repeat (6) |
Single Six mild over 10 days |
Isoflurane | Cognition; endoplasmic reticulum stress; tauopathy; human studies |