Table 6.

Other in vivo TBI models.

Study	Sex/species/age	Model	Injuries	Interval	Anesthesia	Outcome measures
Raghupathi et al. (69)	Male Farm pigs 3–5 days	Non-impact head rotation	Single Repeat	Single (15 min)	Isoflurane	Cardiovascular; axonal and vascular damage; structural integrity; cell death
Friess et al. (58)	Male Farm pigs 3–5 days	Non-impact head rotation	Single Repeat (2)	Single (24 h or 7 days	Isoflurane	Motor; cognition; axonal damage
Roth et al. (77)	Male S. Dawley rats and C57BL6 mice 2–3 months	Skull thinning compression Skull-exposed	Single	Single	Ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine	Inflammation; gliosis and degeneration; oxidative stress; vascular damage; structural integrity; advanced imaging; human studies
Petraglia et al. (20, 23)	Male C57BL6 mice 2–3 months	Rubber CCI Helmet	Single Repeat (42)	Six per day every 2 h over 7 days	No Anesthesia	Neuroscore; motor; cognition; anxiety; depression; sleep