Table 7.

In vitro and ex vivo TBI models.

Study	Model	Cell Line	Injuries	Interval	Severity	Outcome measures
Zander et al. (43)	Primary blast	PC12 neurons	Single Repeat (3)	Single Three over 20 min	Mild to moderate	Membrane permeability; cell viability; axonal damage
LaPlaca and Thibault (78)	Shear stress	Neuronal culture	Single	Single	Mild	Membrane permeability; calcium influx; cell death
Morrison et al. (81)	Membrane strain	Organo-typic hippocampal slices	Single	Single	Mild to Severe	Cell death; apoptosis; membrane permeability
Mukhin et al. (79)	Blade transection	Neuron/glial culture	Single	Single	Severe	Cell death; excitotoxicity
Sieg et al. (80)	Mechanical compression	Organo-typic cortical slices	Single	Single	Severe	Cell death; apoptosis; axonal damage
Slemmer et al. (63)	Cell stretch	Neuronal culture	Single Repeat (6)	Single Six over 24 h	Mild	Cell viability; cell death